Editing Kamehameha I (section)

==Birth and childhood==

===Paternity and family history===
Kamehameha (known as '''Paiʻea''' at birth),<ref>{{Cite book|last=Noles|first=Jim|title=A Pocketful of History: Four Hundred Years of America|year=2009|chapter=50}}</ref> was born to [[Kekuʻiapoiwa II]], the niece of [[Alapainui]], the usurping ruler of Hawaii Island who had killed the two legitimate heirs of [[Keaweʻīkekahialiʻiokamoku]] during civil war. By most accounts he was born in Ainakea, [[Kohala, Hawaii]].{{sfn|Alexander|1912|p= 7}} His father was [[Keōua]] Kalanikupuapa'ikalaninui;{{sfn|Liliʻuokalani|Forbes|2013|page= 3}}{{sfn|Pratt|1920|page= 9}} however, [[Native Hawaiians|Native Hawaiian]] [[historian]] [[Samuel Kamakau]] says that Maui monarch [[Kahekili II]] had ''[[hānai]]'' adopted (traditional, informal adoption) Kamehameha at birth, as was the custom of the time. Kamakau believes this is why Kahekili II is often referred to as Kamehameha's father.{{sfn|Kamakau|1992|p=68}} The author also says that [[Kameʻeiamoku]] told Kamehameha I that he was the son of [[Kahekili II]], saying, "I have something to tell you: Ka-hekili was your father, you were not Keoua's son. Here are the tokens that you are the son of Ka-hekili."{{sfn|Kamakau|1992|p=188}}

King [[Kalākaua]] wrote that these rumors were scandals and should be dismissed as the offspring of hatred and jealousies of later years.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Gp1EAQAAMAAJ|title=The Legends and Myths of Hawaii: The Fables and Folk-lore of a Strange People|last=Hawaii)|first=David Kalakaua (King of|date=1888|publisher=C.L. Webster|pages=386|language=en}}</ref>  Regardless of the rumors, Kamehameha was a descendant of Keawe through his mother Kekuʻiapoiwa II; Keōua acknowledged him as his son and he is recognized as such by all the sovereigns<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://digital.library.upenn.edu/women/liliuokalani/hawaii/hawaii.html|title=Hawaii's Story by Hawaii's Queen.|website=digital.library.upenn.edu|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100218163649/http://digital.library.upenn.edu/women/liliuokalani/hawaii/hawaii.html |access-date=August 17, 2019|archive-date=February 18, 2010 }}</ref> and most genealogists.{{sfn|Dibble|1843|page=54}}

Accounts of Kamehameha I's birth vary, but sources place his birth between 1736 and 1761,{{sfn|Morrison|2003|page= 67}} with historian [[Ralph Simpson Kuykendall]] believing it to be between 1748 and 1761.{{sfn|Kuykendall|1965|page= 429}} An early source is thought to imply a 1758 dating because that date matched a visit from [[Halley's Comet]], and would make him close to the age that [[Francisco de Paula Marín]] estimated he was.{{sfn|Morrison|2003|page= 67}} This dating, however, does not accord with the details of many well-known accounts of his life, such as his fighting as a warrior with his uncle, Kalaniʻōpuʻu, or his being of age to father his first children by that time. The 1758 dating also places his birth after the death of his father.{{sfn|Tregaskis|1973|page= xxi}}

Kamakau published an account in the ''[[Ka Nupepa Kuokoa]]'' in 1867 placing the date of Kamehameha's birth around 1736.{{sfn|Kuykendall|1965|page= 429}} He wrote, "It was during the time of the warfare among the chiefs of [the island of] Hawaii which followed the death of Keawe, chief over the whole island (Ke-awe-i-kekahi-aliʻi-o-ka-moku) that Kamehameha I was born". However, his general dating has been challenged as twenty years too early, related to disputes over Kamakau's inaccuracy of dating compared to accounts of foreign visitors.{{sfn|Kamakau|1992|page=66}} Regardless, [[Abraham Fornander]] wrote in his book, ''An Account of the Polynesian Race: Its Origins and Migrations'': "when Kamehameha died in 1819 he was past eighty years old. His birth would thus fall between 1736 and 1740, probably nearer the former than the latter".{{sfn|Fornander|Stokes|1880|page=136}} ''A Brief History of the Hawaiian People'' by William De Witt Alexander lists the birth date in the "Chronological Table of Events of Hawaiian History" as 1736.{{sfn|Alexander|1912|page=331}} In 1888 the Kamakau account was challenged by [[Samuel C. Damon]] in the missionary publication; ''The Friend'', deferring to a 1753 dating that was the first mentioned by [[James Jackson Jarves]]. But the Kamakau dating was widely accepted due to support from [[Abraham Fornander]].{{sfn|Kuykendall|1965|page= 429}}

===Concealment and childhood===
At the time of Kamehameha's birth, his father, [[Keōua]], along with his half-brother, [[Kalaniʻōpuʻu]], were serving [[Alapaʻi|Alapaʻinui]], ruler of the island of [[Hawaii (island)|Hawai’i]]; Alapaʻinui had brought the brothers to his court, after defeating both of their fathers in the civil war that followed the death of [[Keaweʻīkekahialiʻiokamoku]]. Keōua had died while Kamehameha was very young, thus the boy was raised in the court of his uncle, Kalaniʻōpuʻu.{{sfn|Kanahele|1986|page=10}} The traditional ''[[Mele (Hawaiian term)|mele]]'' chant of [[Keakamahana]] (chiefess and wife of Alapainui) mentions that Kamehameha was born in the month of ''ikuwā'' (autumn/winter), or around November;{{sfn|TRUSTEES|1937|page= 15}} Alapai gave the young Kamehameha to Keaka and her sister, Hākau, to raise, once the ruler discovered the infant had indeed survived.{{sfn|ʻĪʻī|1983|page=4}}{{sfn|Taylor|1922|page=79}}

On February 10, 1911, the [[Samuel Kamakau|Kamakau]] version was challenged by the oral history of the Kaha family, as published in newspaper articles also appearing in the ''Kuoko''. After Kamakau's history was published again (this time to a wider, English-reading public in 1911 Hawaii), the Kaha version of these events was published by [[Kamaka Stillman]], who had objected to the Nupepa article.<!-- No reference to Nupepa article; this is very hard for a new reader to follow -->{{sfn|Alexander|1912|pages=6-8}}