Editing KHAD (section)

==History==
===Pre-KhAD (-1979)===
Afghanistan had an intelligence agency known as the ''Istikhbarat'' ([[Dari]]:  استخبارات), Intelligence or the Intelligence Report Directorate.{{sfn|Hänni|Riegler|Gasztold|2020|p=49}}<ref name=":3">{{Cite book |last=Azimi |first=General Nabi |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=M5aSDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT199 |title=The Army and Politics: Afghanistan: 1963-1993 |date=2019-04-11 |publisher=AuthorHouse |isbn=978-1-7283-8701-7 |language=en}}</ref> However, observers have stated it was incompetent with Afghan leaders since it was ineffective as they preferred to use their personal connections instead.{{sfn|Hänni|Riegler|Gasztold|2020|p=129}} Sardar Abdul Wali, the commander of the 1st Central Army Corps, additionally had his own espionage and secret intelligence network where he prosecuted leftist groups such as the [[People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan]] and the supporters of [[Mohammad Daoud Khan]]. General Ismail Khan was also noted to have been a part of the Civil Secret Agency (CSA) during the “Decade of Constitution” and reign of [[Mohammad Zahir Shah]].<ref name=":3" />

After the events of the [[Saur Revolution]], the [[People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan|PDPA]] established AGSA (''Da Afghanistan da Gato da Saatane Adara'' or '''Afghan Agency for Safeguarding National Interest''') as its domestic/foreign intelligence agency<ref name="UNHCRR"/> with Assadullah Sarwari serving as its first director.<ref name="AUAE">{{Cite web|url=https://www.airuniversity.af.edu/Wild-Blue-Yonder/Article-Display/Article/2072075/afghanistan-intelligence-war/|title=Afghanistan Intelligence War > Air University (AU) > Wild Blue Yonder|website=www.airuniversity.af.edu|date=17 February 2020 |last1=Rockwell |first1=Ernest }}</ref> Sarwari was known for torturing anyone who disagreed with the PDPA.<ref name="AIA">{{Cite journal|doi = 10.1080/03064228208533353|title = Afghan intelligentsia 1978-81: For four traumatic years all independent thinkers have been under attack|year = 1982|last1 = Hyman|first1 = Anthony|journal = Index on Censorship|volume = 11|issue = 2|pages = 8–9|s2cid = 143952115|doi-access = }}</ref> AGSA operations eventually led to an anti-PDPA insurgency.{{Sfn|Landsford|2017|p=433}} AGSA additionally had a secret code between members Meera Jan, Fazil Qadir and the head of AGSA’s investigation committee which was intercepted by Rahmatullah Omid, used for killing anyone who the [[Khalq]] deemed an enemy. The killings would take place at night. The code was used via telephone and was in the [[Russian language]], with the transcript reading “How’s the weather like? Are we going to shoot, are we going to kill?”.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Azimi |first=General Nabi |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=M5aSDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT199 |title=The Army and Politics: Afghanistan: 1963-1993 |date=2019-04-11 |publisher=AuthorHouse |isbn=978-1-7283-8701-7 |language=en}}{{page number needed|date=September 2024}}</ref>

AGSA was additionally involved in the hangings of [[Parcham]] members in 1978 and the executions of the following people:<ref>{{Cite book |last=Azimi |first=General Nabi |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=M5aSDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT199 |title=The Army and Politics: Afghanistan: 1963-1993 |date=2019-04-11 |publisher=AuthorHouse |isbn=978-1-7283-8701-7 |language=en}}</ref>

*[[Colonel]] Hidayatullah (Head of Operations of the [[Ministry of Defense (Afghanistan)|Ministry of Defense]])
*[[Major (rank)|Major]] Arif
*Major Khaleelullah ([[Chief of General Staff (Afghanistan)|Chief of Staff]] of the 242nd Parachute Battalion)
*Major Mohammed Anwar
*Major Jilani
*Major Seyair
*Major Shir Jan (242nd Parachute Battalion officer)
*Major Sayd Zamanudeen (242nd Parachute Battalion officer)
*Major Abdul Baqi
*Captain Mohammed Karim 
*Major Inayat 
*Commander Mohammed Musa ([[Afghan Air Force (1978-1992)|Afghan Air Force and Air Defense]] commander who received his [[Chief of General Staff (Afghanistan)|Chief of Army Staff]] diploma from the [[United States]])
*General Mohammed Younus (11th Division Commander)
*Commander Nowruz (Commander of the 7th Division’s 55th Regiment)
*General Sayd Abdul Ghani Khan
*General Mohammed Safar Khan [[Nuristanis|Nuristani]] 
*General Ahmad Shah [[Gardez|Gardezi]] 
*Lieutenant General Mohammed Musa [[Nuristanis|Nuristani]] 

In September 1979, AGSA was replaced with KAM (''Komite-ye Amniyat-e Melli'' or '''National Security Committee'''){{efn|Some other sources mention that KAM stands for ''Kargari Astekhbarati Muassessa'' or Worker's Intelligence Institute<ref name="KHADR">[https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/pdfs/ADA187795.pdf Article title]</ref> and ''Kargarano Amniyati Mu’asasa'' or Workers' Security Institution.{{Sfn|Landsford|2017|p=433}}}} under [[Hafizullah Amin]]'s direction.<ref name="UNHCRR"/><ref name="AUAE"/> Several AGSA officials were either placed under surveillance or were arrested.{{Sfn|Landsford|2017|p=433}} KAM had a total of 7000 employees.<ref name="afghanistan-analysts.org">{{Cite web |date=2018-05-03 |title=An April Day That Changed Afghanistan 4: The evolution of the PDPA and its relations with the Soviet Union |url=https://www.afghanistan-analysts.org/en/reports/context-culture/an-april-day-that-changed-afghanistan-4-the-evolution-of-the-pdpa-and-its-relations-with-the-soviet-union/ |access-date=2023-07-28 |website=Afghanistan Analysts Network - English |language=ps-GB}}</ref><ref name="Giustozzi 2000 98,266">{{Cite book |last=Giustozzi |first=Antonio |title=War, Politics and Society |publisher=C. Hurst & Co. London |year=2000 |isbn=9780878407583 |pages=98,266}}</ref>

Aziz Ahmed Akbari was called in to take over from Sarwari when he took refuge in the Soviet Embassy.<ref name="KHADR"/> After two months, [[Assadullah Amin]] was appointed by his uncle to lead KAM.<ref name="KHADR"/> KAM did not last long after the Soviets officially entered Afghanistan in 1979.{{Sfn|Landsford|2017|p=433}}

===KhAD (1980-1986)===

KhAD was created on 10 January 1980<ref>https://www.statewatch.org/media/documents/news/2009/mar/afghanistan-ukba-c-of-origin-report.pdf {{Bare URL PDF|date=August 2024}}</ref> and was officially announced by President [[Babrak Karmal]], with 1,200 personnel inside the [[People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan]] who took over intelligence responsibilities from KAM in December 1979, with most of them being pro-[[Parchamite|Parchamites]]. The group was known as “the activists”<ref>https://www.statewatch.org/media/documents/news/2009/mar/afghanistan-ukba-c-of-origin-report.pdf {{Bare URL PDF|date=August 2024}}</ref> and was active until March 1980,<ref name="UNHCRR"/> being initially headed by [[Mohammad Najibullah]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1986-10-19-op-5929-story.html|title=Moscow's Man in Kabul Crucial to Soviet Pullouts|website=[[Los Angeles Times]]|date=19 October 1986}}</ref> alongside Dr. Baha<ref name="UNHCRR"/> who worked on establishing the structure that would later be referred to as KhAD. 

After [[Soviet–Afghan War|Soviet troops were deployed]] in Afghanistan, KhAD was expanded with Moscow's assistance, which includes sophisticated torture equipment.<ref name="AIA"/> Najibullah took the opportunity of his post to rise within the PDPA before Major-General Ghulam Faruq Yaqubi took over KhAD duties in November 1985.<ref name="NMFAK"/>
Soviet advisors were known to work alongside KhAD personnel and major decisions are not made without their input.<ref name="UNHCRR"/> In some instances, KhAD agents accompanied KGB Kaskad (Cascade) operators on anti-mujahideen infiltration ops.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://sofrep.com/news/russia-guerilla-sof-kaskad/|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210304123123/https://sofrep.com/news/russia-guerilla-sof-kaskad/|archive-date = 4 March 2021|title = Russian Guerilla SOF: KASKAD - Putin's Foreign Legion of Hybrid Warfighters|date = 4 May 2016}}</ref><ref name="auto">{{Cite journal |last=Oliker |first=Olga |date=2011-10-13 |title=Building Afghanistan's Security Forces in Wartime: The Soviet Experience |url=https://www.rand.org/pubs/monographs/MG1078.html|publisher=[[Rand Corporation]] |language=en}}</ref> KhAD personnel were also authorised to use any strategies necessary to ensure they did not disclose their identities as officers of the agency, as a former KhAD advisor stated that Pakistanis did not want to capture KhAD [[Special forces|Special Forces]] operatives alive.<ref>https://www.statewatch.org/media/documents/news/2009/mar/afghanistan-ukba-c-of-origin-report.pdf {{Bare URL PDF|date=August 2024}}</ref><ref>https://www.rand.org/content/dam/rand/pubs/monographs/2011/RAND_MG1078.pdf {{Bare URL PDF|date=August 2024}}</ref> During an attack on army bases in Keran Valley led by [[Ahmad Shah Massoud]] in 1987, a base consisting of 200 soldiers immediately fell whereas 16 KhAD operatives continued to fight to their deaths for six hours. In the aftermath, two leaders committed [[suicide]] and one agent was killed which led to 13 operatives finally surrendering.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=KhAD 4 |url=http://mackenzieproductions.com/KhAD_4.html |access-date=2024-09-02 |website=mackenzieproductions.com}}</ref>

The agency's manpower increased from 1,200 to nearly 70,000 personnel.<ref name="auto"/> KhAD was able to turn some mujahideen groups to work with the PDPA by providing incentives such as small arms or money in return for their loyalty by attending [[Jirga|loya jirgas]] and other pro-PDPA activities.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://nsarchive2.gwu.edu/NSAEBB/NSAEBB57/essay.html|title = Afghanistan: Lessons from the Last War}}</ref><ref name="auto" />

They've worked with the [[KGB]] to fund and assist Murtaza Bhutto for his involvement in the hijacking of [[Pakistan International Airlines Flight 326]] and with Baluchistan and Sind dissidents, according to files obtained by [[Vasili Mitrokhin]] from KGB files.<ref name="WP">{{cite news| url = https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/opinions/2002/02/24/spies-lies-and-the-distortion-of-history/7469fae7-4859-495b-959d-42eccdb38fbe/| title = Spies, Lies and the Distortion of History - The Washington Post| newspaper = [[The Washington Post]]}}</ref><ref name="auto"/> KhAD’s infiltration of various mujahideen groups did help to contribute to some of the infighting.<ref name="WP"/><ref name="auto"/> KhAD operatives additionally attempted to assassinate [[Gulbuddin Hekmatyar]] in 1987, using a remote-controlled car bomb and wounding two of his bodyguards. Other operations included the kidnapping of one of Massoud’s five brothers in Peshawar, as well as sending KhAD assassination teams (paid in the equivalent of thousands of [[Dollar|dollars]]) into [[Panjshir Province]] to assassinate [[Ahmad Shah Massoud]].<ref name=":2" />

The 1986 [[National Reconciliation (Afghanistan)|National Reconciliation Act]], enacted by President [[Mohammad Najibullah]], meant that the powers of individual KhAD officers were reduced and they would have to consult with local police forces, ''shuras'', and the provincial and district offices of the attorney general if they wanted to make any arrest.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Note on the Structure and Operation of the KhAD/WAD in Afghanistan 1978-1992 |url=https://www.refworld.org/reference/countryrep/unhcr/2008/en/58178 |access-date=2024-05-12 |website=Refworld |language=en}}</ref>
[[File:Emblem of the KHAD (1980-1987).svg|thumb|208x208px|WAD emblem from 1980 to 1987]]

===Post-KhAD (1986-2001)===
On 9 January 1986, KhAD was changed with its name to WAD (''Wazarat-e Amaniat-e Dowlati'' or '''Ministry of State Security'''), with the agency becoming its own ministry.<ref name="NMFAK">{{Cite web|url=https://www.refworld.org/docid/467006172.html|title=Refworld &#124; Afghanistan - Security Services in Communist Afghanistan (1978–1992). AGSA, KAM, KhAD and WAD|website=Refworld}}</ref> It was reported that WAD was placed in charge of controlling the Kabul Garrison.<ref name="NMFAK"/> Its budget and size were expanded.{{Sfn|Landsford|2017|p=433}} However WAD would still often be referred to as KhAD by the US government and the [[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]]. In 1987 KhAD was behind many terrorist attacks on Pakistani soil including the [[1987 Karachi car bombing|Karachi Car bombing]] and an attempted car bombing on the [[US consulate|US Consulate]] in [[Peshawar]] which ended up killing over 30 people.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=TERRORISM REVIEW FOR 13 JANUARY 1987 {{!}} CIA FOIA (foia.cia.gov) |url=https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/0000258615 |access-date=2023-09-10 |website=www.cia.gov}}</ref> 

In 1989, WAD-led forces, more specifically the Special Guard and the 904th Battalion, fought in the [[Battle of Jalalabad (1989)|Battle of Jalalabad]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Fleiss |first=Alex |date=2022-04-05 |title=What happened in the battle of Jalalabad? |url=https://www.rebellionresearch.com/what-happened-in-the-battle-of-jalalabad |access-date=2024-03-24 |website=Rebellion Research |language=en-US}}</ref> In March 1990, Lieutenant-General [[Shahnawaz Tanai]] attempted a coup, which was suppressed by the WAD-led Afghan National Guard (''Gard-e-Milli''), General Khushal Peroz and [[Mohammad Aslam Watanjar]].<ref name="NMFAK"/>

[[File:Afghan KHAD patch 1987.jpg|150px|thumb|A black 1987 KHAD patch<ref>{{Cite web |title=Local Military Roundtable Display |url=https://oefoif.forumotion.net/t8535-local-military-roundtable-display |access-date=2024-01-21 |website=oefoif.forumotion.net |language=en}}</ref>]]

During the civil war in the 1990s, [[Hezb-e Islami Gulbuddin|Hezb-i-Islami]], the [[Northern Alliance]] and the [[Taliban]] all recruited ex-KhAD officers and agents to act as their moles operating behind enemy territory.<ref name="AUAE"/>