Editing Jutes (section)

==Settlement in southern Britain==
{{see also|Anglo-Saxon settlement of Britain}}
[[File:Anglo saxon jute 575ad.jpg|thumb|300px|left|A map of Jutish settlements in Britain ''circa'' 575]]
During the period after the [[Roman Britain|Roman occupation]] and before the Norman conquest, people of Germanic descent arrived in Britain, ultimately forming England.{{sfn|Campbell|John|Wormald|1991|p=20 & p. 240}} The ''[[Anglo-Saxon Chronicle]]'' provides what historians regard as foundation legends for Anglo-Saxon settlement.{{sfn|Jones|1998|p=71}}{{sfn|Welch|2007|p=190}}

The ''Anglo-Saxon Chronicle'' describes how the brothers [[Hengist and Horsa]] in the year 449 were invited to Sub-Roman Britain by [[Vortigern]] to assist his forces in fighting the [[Picts]]. They landed at Wippidsfleet ([[Ebbsfleet, Thanet|Ebbsfleet]]), and went on to defeat the Picts wherever they fought them. Hengist and Horsa sent word home to Germany asking for assistance. Their request was granted and support arrived. Afterward, more people arrived in Britain from "the three powers of Germany; the Old Saxons, the Angles, and the Jutes". The Saxons populated [[Essex]], [[Sussex]] and [[Wessex]]; the Jutes [[Kent]], the [[Isle of Wight]] and [[Hampshire]]; and the Angles [[East Anglia]], [[Mercia]] and [[Northumbria]] (leaving their original homeland, [[Angeln]], deserted).{{sfn|Giles|1914|loc=AD 449}}

The ''Anglo-Saxon Chronicle'' also lists ''Wihtgar'' and ''Stuf'' as founders of the ''Wihtwara'' (Isle of Wight) and a man named ''Port'' and his two sons ''Bieda'' and ''Maeglaof'' as founders of the ''Meonwara'' (southern Hampshire). {{sfn|Esmonde Cleary|1990|p=171}}{{sfn|Giles|1914|loc=AD 514 to 534}} In 686 Bede tells us that Jutish Hampshire extended to the western edge of the [[New Forest]]; however, that seems to include another Jutish people, the [[New Forest#History|Ytene]],{{efn|''Ytene'' is the [[genitive plural]] of ''Yt'' meaning "Jute", i.e. "of the Jutes".{{sfn|Stenton|1971|p=23}}}}{{efn|[[Florence of Worcester]] talks about how [[William Rufus]] was slain in the New Forest and that in the English tongue (''Nova Foresta que lingua Anglorum'') the term for the New Forest was ''Ytene'' . {{sfn|Chambers|1912| pp=231-241}}}} and it is not certain that these two territories formed a continuous coastal block.{{sfn|Yorke|1990|p=132}}
Towards the end of the Roman occupation of England, raids on the east coast became more intense and the expedient adopted by Romano-British leaders was to enlist the help of mercenaries to whom they ceded territory. It is thought that mercenaries may have started arriving in Sussex as early as the 5th century.{{sfn| Bell|1978|pp=64-69}}

Before the 7th century, there is a dearth of contemporary written material about the Anglo-Saxons' arrival. {{efn|One notable exception is that of [[Gildas]]}} Most material that does exist was written several hundred years after the events. The earlier dates for the beginnings of settlement, provided by the ''Anglo-Saxon Chronicle'', have been contested by some findings in archaeology.{{sfn|Hawkes|1982|p=65}}{{sfn|Myers|1989|p=5}} One alternative hypothesis to the foundation legend suggests, because previously inhabited sites on the Frisian and north German coasts had been rendered uninhabitable by flooding{{efn|The local population of Friesland were subject to flooding from 500BC onwards. Their response was to build artificial mounds known as ''[[terp]]en''. During the 5th century the population in these areas increased, probably due to people migrating to England.{{sfn|Knol|2010|pages=43-45}}}}, that the migration was due to displacement. Under this alternative hypothesis, the British provided land for the refugees to settle on in return for peaceful coexistence and military cooperation.{{sfn|Hawkes|1982|p=65}}

Ship construction in the 2nd or 3rd century adopted the use of iron fastenings, instead of the old sewn fastenings, to hold together the plank built boats of the Jutland peninsula. This enabled them to build stronger sea going vessels. Vessels going from Jutland to Britain probably would have sailed along the coastal regions of Lower Saxony and the Netherlands before crossing the English Channel. This was because navigation techniques of the time required the ship to be moored up overnight. Marine archaeology has suggested that migrating ships would have sheltered in various river estuaries on the route. Artefacts and parts of ships, of the period, have been found that support this theory.{{sfn|Crumlin-Pedersen|1990|pp=98–116}}

It is likely that the Jutes initially inhabited Kent and from there they occupied the Isle of Wight, southern Hampshire and also possibly the area around Hastings in East Sussex ([[Haestingas]]).{{sfn|Coates|1979|pp=263–264}}{{sfn|Myers|1989|pp=144–149}}{{sfn|Welch|1978|p=34}} J E A Jolliffe compared agricultural and farming practices across 5th century Sussex to that of 5th century Kent. He suggested that the Kentish system underlaid the 5th century farming practices of Sussex. He hypothesised that Sussex was probably settled by Jutes before the arrival of the Saxons, with Jutish territory stretching from Kent to the New Forest.{{sfn|Jolliffe|1933|pp=90-97}} The north [[Solent]] coast had been a trading area since Roman times. The old Roman roads between [[Chichester to Sidlesham Way|Sidlesham and Chichester]]{{efn|It is likely that the Chichester to Sidlesham Roman Road extended to Selsey Bill.{{sfn|Moore|2002|p=2}}}} and [[Chichester to Silchester Way|Chichester to Winchester]] would have provided access to the Jutish settlements in Hampshire. Therefore, it is possible that the German folk arriving in the 5th century that landed in the Selsey area would have been directed north to Southampton Water. From there into the mouth of the Meon valley and would have been allowed to settle near the existing Romano-British people.{{sfn|Margary|1955|pp=72-76}}{{sfn|Hawkins|2020|pp=67-69}} The Jutish kingdom{{efn|''Iutarum natio''{{sfn|Yorke|1995 |pp=37–39}}}} in Hampshire that Bede describes has various placenames that identify the locations as Jutish. These include [[Bishopstoke]] (''Ytingstoc'') and the [[River Meon|Meon Valley]] (''Ytedene'').{{sfn|Yorke|1995 |pp=37–39}}

===Mercian and South Saxon takeover===
In Kent, [[Hlothhere]] had been ruler since 673/4. He must have come into conflict with [[Mercia]], because in 676 the Mercian king [[Æthelred of Mercia|Æthelred]] invaded Kent and according to [[Bede]]:
{{blockquote|In the year of our Lord's incarnation 676, when Ethelred, king of the Mercians, ravaged Kent with a powerful army, and profaned churches and monasteries, without regard to religion, or the fear of God, he among the rest destroyed the city of Rochester|source={{harvnb|Bede|1910|loc=1.15}}}}

In 681 [[Wulfhere of Mercia]] advanced into southern Hampshire and the Isle of Wight. Shortly after he gave the Isle of Wight and Meonwara to [[Æthelwealh of Sussex]].{{sfn|Bede|1910|loc=4.13}}{{sfn|Kirby|2000|p=97}}

In Kent, Eadric was for a time co-ruler {{efn|There is no certain evidence for Eadric ruling with his uncle. There is a charter where they are both jointly named but it may just have been a conflation of two earlier separate codes {{sfn|Kirby|2000|p=99}}}} alongside his uncle Hlothhere with [[Law of Hlothhere and Eadric|a law code]] being issued in their names. Ultimately, Eadric revolted against his uncle and with help from a South Saxon army in about 685, was able to kill Hlothhere, and replace him as ruler of Kent.{{sfn|Yorke|1990|pp=29-30}}

===West Saxon invasion===
In the 680s, the [[Kingdom of Wessex]] was in the ascendant, the alliance between the [[South Saxons]] and the Mercians and their control of southern England, put the West Saxons under pressure.{{sfn|Kirby|2000|pp=97-99}} Their king [[Cædwalla]], probably concerned about Mercian and South Saxon influence in Southern England, conquered the land of the South Saxons and took over the Jutish areas in Hampshire and the [[Isle of Wight]]. Bede describes how Cædwalla brutally suppressed the South Saxons and attempted to slaughter the Jutes of the Isle of Wight and replace them with people from "his own province", but maintained that he was unable to do so, and Jutes remained a majority on the island.{{efn|Some have described this act as "ethnic cleansing". The historian [[Robin Bush]] was cited in the BBC Radio 4 "Who were the Jutes". ''Making History Programme'' 11 (2008), as being the principal advocate for this assertion.{{sfn|BBC|2008}}}}{{sfn|Bede|1910|loc=4.15}} 
{{blockquote|After Cædwalla had possessed himself of the kingdom of the [[Gewissae]], he also took the Isle of Wight, which till then was entirely given over to idolatry, and by cruel slaughter endeavoured to destroy all the inhabitants thereof, and to place in their stead people from his own province.|source={{harvnb|Bede|1910|loc=4.16}}}}

Cædwalla killed [[Aruald|Aruald, the king of the Isle of Wight]]. Aruald's two younger brothers, who were heirs to the throne, escaped from the island but were hunted down and found at [[South Stoneham|Stoneham]], [[Hampshire]]. They were killed on Cædwalla's orders. The Isle of Wight was then permanently under West Saxon control and the ''Meonwara'' was integrated into Wessex.{{sfn|Bede|1910|loc=4.16}}{{sfn|Yorke|1995|p=66}} Cædwalla also invaded Kent and installed his brother Mul as leader. However, it was not long before Mul and twelve others were burnt to death by the Kentishmen.{{sfn|Yorke|1990|pp=29-30}} After Cædwalla was superseded by [[Ine of Wessex]], Kent agreed to pay compensation to Wessex for the death of Mul, but they retained their independence.{{sfn|Yorke|1995|p=66}}