Editing Jus sanguinis (section)

==Modern development==
Originally, the term ''[[Nation#Etymology and terminology|nation]]'' was synonymous with ''[[ethnicity]]''. However, at the end of the 19th century, the French-German debate on nationality saw the French, such as [[Ernest Renan]], oppose the German conception,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Renan |first=Ernest |year=1882 |title=What is a Nation? |url=http://ucparis.fr/files/9313/6549/9943/What_is_a_Nation.pdf |website=UC Paris |access-date=30 May 2022 |archive-date=24 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230524060705/http://ucparis.fr/files/9313/6549/9943/What_is_a_Nation.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> exemplified by [[Johann Fichte]], who believed in an 'objective nationality', based on [[heredity|blood]], [[race (classification of human beings)|race]], or [[language]].<ref>{{Citation |last=Breazeale |first=Dan |title=Johann Gottlieb Fichte |year=2022 |url=https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/spr2022/entries/johann-fichte/ |encyclopedia=The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy |editor-last=Zalta |editor-first=Edward N. |edition=Spring 2022 |publisher=Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University |access-date=2022-05-30}}</ref> Renan's [[republicanism|republican]] conception (with perhaps the presence of a German-speaking population in [[Alsace-Lorraine]]) explain France's early adoption of ''jus soli''.

===Mixed standards===
Many nations have a mixture of ''jus sanguinis'' and ''jus soli''. For example, the [[Citizenship of the United States|United States]] grants citizenship based on ''jus soli'' to almost all people born within its borders, and also grants citizenship based on ''jus sanguinis'' to children born outside its borders to U.S. citizen parents subject to the parents meeting certain residency or physical presence criteria.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Acquisition of U.S. Citizenship by a Child Born Abroad |url=https://travel.state.gov/content/travel/en/legal/travel-legal-considerations/us-citizenship/Acquisition-US-Citizenship-Child-Born-Abroad.html |access-date=2023-07-02 |website=travel.state.gov |archive-date=3 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210303013155/https://travel.state.gov/content/travel/en/legal/travel-legal-considerations/us-citizenship/Acquisition-US-Citizenship-Child-Born-Abroad.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Jus sanguinis {{!}} law {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/jus-sanguinis |access-date=2024-05-05 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref> The [[British nationality law|United Kingdom]] usually applies ''jus sanguinis'', but also has a ''jus soli'' principle for children of foreign citizens living in the U.K. depending on the parents' nationality and legal residence status.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Check if you're a British citizen |url=https://www.gov.uk/check-british-citizenship/born-in-the-uk-from-1-july-2021-onwards |access-date=2023-07-02 |website=GOV.UK |language=en |archive-date=2 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230702024106/https://www.gov.uk/check-british-citizenship/born-in-the-uk-from-1-july-2021-onwards |url-status=live }}</ref>

About 60% of all countries worldwide have a limited ''jus soli'' principle that extends citizenship to children born within their borders who do not qualify for citizenship in any other country. Countries which ratified the [[Convention on the Reduction of Statelessness]] are obligated to enact laws as a solution for [[statelessness]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ensuring that no child is born stateless |url=https://www.refworld.org/pdfid/58cfab014.pdf |access-date=2023-07-02 |publisher=United Nations High Commission for Refugees |archive-date=17 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230917141009/https://www.refworld.org/pdfid/58cfab014.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Complications due to imposed boundaries===
Some modern European states which arose out of the dissolved [[Austro-Hungarian Empire|Austro-Hungarian]] or [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] empires have huge numbers of ethnic populations outside of their new 'national' boundaries, as do most of the [[former Soviet states]]. Such long-standing diasporas do not conform to codified 20th-century European rules of citizenship.

In many cases, ''jus sanguinis'' rights are mandated by international treaty, with citizenship definition imposed by the national and international community. In other cases, minorities are subject to legal and extra-legal persecution and choose to immigrate to their ancestral home country. States offering ''jus sanguinis'' rights to ethnic citizens and their descendants include [[Italy]], [[Greece]], [[Turkey]], [[Bulgaria]], [[Lebanon]], [[Armenia]], [[Hungary]] and [[Romania]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Italian Citizenship by Descent - Italian Citizenship Jure Sanguinis {{!}} IDC |url=https://www.italiandualcitizenship.net/italian-citizenship-by-descent/ |access-date=2024-03-11 |website=Italian Dual Citizenship |language=en-US}}</ref>