Editing July 23 (section)

==Events==
===Pre-1600===
* [[811]] &ndash; [[Byzantine Empire|Byzantine]] emperor [[Nikephoros I]] plunders the [[First Bulgarian Empire|Bulgarian]] capital of [[Pliska]] and captures Khan [[Krum]]'s treasury.
*[[1319]] &ndash; A [[Knights Hospitaller]] fleet scores a [[Battle of Chios (1319)|crushing victory]] over an [[Aydinid]] fleet off [[Chios]].

===1601–1900===
*[[1632]] &ndash; Three hundred colonists bound for [[New France]] depart from [[Dieppe]], France.
*[[1677]] &ndash; [[Scanian War]]: [[Denmark–Norway]] [[Battle of Marstrand|captures]] the harbor town of [[Marstrand]] from Sweden.
*[[1793]] &ndash; [[Kingdom of Prussia]] re-conquers [[Mainz]] from France.
*[[1813]] &ndash; Sir [[Thomas Maitland (British Army officer)|Thomas Maitland]] is appointed as the first [[List of Governors of Malta|Governor of Malta]], transforming the island from a [[Malta Protectorate|British protectorate]] to a ''de facto'' [[Crown Colony of Malta|colony]].
*[[1821]] &ndash; While the [[Greek War of Independence|Mora Rebellion]] continues, Greeks capture [[Monemvasia|Monemvasia Castle]]. Turkish troops and citizens are transferred to Asia Minor's coasts.
*[[1829]] &ndash; In the United States, [[William Austin Burt]] patents the [[Typographer (typewriter)|typographer]], a precursor to the [[typewriter]].
*[[1840]] &ndash; The [[Province of Canada]] is created by the [[Act of Union 1840|Act of Union]].
*[[1862]] &ndash; [[American Civil War]]: [[Henry Halleck]] becomes [[Commanding General of the United States Army|general-in-chief]] of the [[Union Army]].
*[[1874]] &ndash; [[Aires de Ornelas e Vasconcelos]] is appointed the [[Archbishop]] of the [[Kingdom of Portugal|Portuguese]] colonial enclave of [[Portuguese Goa|Goa]], India.
*[[1881]] &ndash; The [[Boundary Treaty of 1881 between Chile and Argentina]] is signed in [[Buenos Aires]].<ref>{{Cite journal|title=La guerra entre Chile y Argentina: Una mirada desde Chile|journal=[[Historia (history of the Americas journal)|Historia]]|url=https://scielo.conicyt.cl/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0717-71942002003500009|last=Lacoste|first=Pablo|volume=35|pages=211–249|doi=10.4067/S0717-71942002003500009|year=2002|language=Spanish|doi-access=free}}</ref>
*[[1900]] &ndash; Pressed by expanding immigration, [[Canada]] closes its doors to paupers and criminals.<ref>{{cite book|first=Jacques|last=Legrand|title=Chronicle of the 20th Century|publisher=Ecam Publication|year=1987|page=16|isbn=0-942191-01-3}}</ref>

===1901–present===
*[[1903]] &ndash; The [[Ford Motor Company]] sells its first car.
*[[1908]] &ndash; The [[Second Constitutional Era|Second Constitution]] accepted by the [[Ottoman Empire|Ottomans]].
*[[1914]] &ndash; [[Austria-Hungary]] issues a series of demands in an [[July Crisis|ultimatum]] to the [[Kingdom of Serbia]] demanding Serbia to allow the Austrians to determine who [[Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria|assassinated]] [[Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria|Archduke Franz Ferdinand]]. Serbia accepts all but one of those demands and Austria declares war on [[July 28]].
*[[1919]] &ndash; [[Alexander I of Yugoslavia|Prince Regent Aleksander Karađorđević]] signs the decree establishing the [[University of Ljubljana]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Centenary of the Founding of the University of Ljubljana |url=https://www.uni-lj.si/university/100_years_ul/ |website=Univerza v Ljubljani |publisher=University of Ljubljana |access-date=9 December 2019}}</ref>
*[[1921]] &ndash; The [[Chinese Communist Party]] (CCP) is established at the [[1st National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party|founding National Congress]].
*[[1926]] &ndash; [[Fox Film]] buys the patents of the [[Movietone sound system]] for recording sound onto film.
*[[1927]] &ndash; The first station of the [[Indian Broadcasting Company]] goes on the air in [[Mumbai|Bombay]].
*[[1936]] &ndash; In [[Catalonia]], Spain, the [[Unified Socialist Party of Catalonia]] is founded through the merger of [[Socialism|Socialist]] and [[Communism|Communist]] parties.
*[[1940]] &ndash; The United States' [[Under Secretary of State]] [[Sumner Welles]] issues a [[Welles Declaration|declaration]] on the U.S. non-recognition policy of the [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] annexation and incorporation of three [[Baltic states]]: [[Estonia]], [[Latvia]] and [[Lithuania]].
*[[1942]] &ndash; [[World War II]]: The German offensives [[Operation Edelweiss]] and [[Operation Braunschweig]] begin.
*  1942   &ndash; [[Bulgaria]]n poet and Communist leader [[Nikola Vaptsarov]] is executed by firing squad.
*[[1943]] &ndash; The [[Rayleigh bath chair murder]] occurred in [[Rayleigh, Essex]], England.
*  1943   &ndash; World War II: The British destroyers {{HMS|Eclipse|H08|6}} and {{HMS|Laforey|G99|6}} sink the {{ship|Italian submarine|Ascianghi}} in the Mediterranean after she torpedoes the cruiser {{HMS|Newfoundland|59|6}}.
*[[1945]] &ndash; The post-war legal processes against [[Philippe Pétain]] begin.
*  1952   &ndash; General [[Muhammad Naguib]] leads the [[Free Officers Movement (Egypt)|Free Officers Movement]] (formed by [[Gamal Abdel Nasser]], the real power behind the coup) in [[Egyptian revolution of 1952|overthrowing]] King [[Farouk of Egypt]].
*[[1961]] &ndash; The [[Sandinista National Liberation Front]] is founded in [[Nicaragua]].
*[[1962]] &ndash; [[Telstar]] relays the first publicly transmitted, live trans-Atlantic television program, featuring [[Walter Cronkite]].
*  1962   &ndash; The [[International Agreement on the Neutrality of Laos]] is signed.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Head |first1=William P. |title=Dirty Little Secret in the Land of a Million Elephants: Barrel Roll and the Lost War |journal=Air Power History |date=2017 |volume=64 |issue=4 |page=10 |jstor=26571062 |issn=1044-016X}}</ref>
*  1962   &ndash; [[Jackie Robinson]] becomes the first African American to be inducted into the National Baseball Hall of Fame.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://baseballhall.org/hall-of-famers/past-inductions/1960-1969#1962|title = 1960–1969}}</ref>
*[[1967]] &ndash; [[1967 Detroit riot|Detroit Riots]]: In [[Detroit]], one of the worst riots in United States history begins on 12th Street in the predominantly [[African American]] inner city. It ultimately kills 43 people, injures 342 and burns about 1,400 buildings.
*[[1968]] &ndash; [[Glenville shootout]]: In [[Cleveland, Ohio]], a violent shootout between a Black Militant organization and the [[Cleveland Division of Police|Cleveland Police Department]] occurs. During the shootout, a riot begins and lasts for five days.
*  1968   &ndash; The only successful hijacking of an [[El Al]] aircraft takes place when a [[Boeing 707]] carrying ten crew and 38 passengers is [[El Al Flight 426 hijacking|taken over]] by three members of the [[Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine]]. The aircraft was en route from Rome, to [[Lod]], Israel.
*[[1970]] &ndash; [[Qaboos bin Said al Said]] becomes [[List of rulers of Oman|Sultan of Oman]] after overthrowing his father, [[Said bin Taimur]] initiating massive reforms, modernization programs and end to a decade long civil war.
*[[1972]] &ndash; The United States launches ''[[Landsat 1]]'', the first Earth-resources [[satellite]].
*[[1974]] &ndash; The [[Greek military junta of 1967–74|Greek military junta]] collapses, and former Prime Minister [[Konstantinos Karamanlis]] is invited to lead the new government, beginning Greece's [[metapolitefsi]] era.
*[[1980]] &ndash; [[Phạm Tuân]] becomes the first [[Vietnam]]ese citizen and the first Asian in space when he flies aboard the Soyuz 37 mission as an [[Intercosmos]] Research Cosmonaut.
*[[1982]] &ndash; Outside [[Santa Clarita, California]], actor [[Vic Morrow]] and two children are [[Twilight Zone accident|killed]] when a helicopter crashes onto them while shooting a scene from ''[[Twilight Zone: The Movie]]''. 
*[[1983]] &ndash; Thirteen [[Sri Lanka Army]] soldiers are killed after a [[Four Four Bravo|deadly ambush]] by the militant [[Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam]].
*  1983   &ndash; [[Gimli Glider]]: [[Air Canada]] Flight 143 runs out of fuel and makes a [[deadstick landing]] at [[Rural Municipality of Gimli|Gimli, Manitoba]].
*[[1988]] &ndash; General [[Ne Win]], effective ruler of [[Myanmar|Burma]] since 1962, resigns after pro-democracy protests.
*[[1992]] &ndash; A [[Catholic Church|Vatican]] commission, led by Cardinal [[Pope Benedict XVI|Joseph Ratzinger]], establishes that limiting certain rights of [[Homosexuality|homosexual]] people and non-married couples is not equivalent to discrimination on grounds of race or gender.
*  1992   &ndash; [[Abkhazia]] declares independence from [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]].
*[[1993]] &ndash; [[China Northwest Airlines Flight 2119]] crashes during takeoff from [[Yinchuan Xihuayuan Airport]] in [[Yinchuan]], [[Ningxia]], [[China]], killing 55 people.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ranter |first=Harro |title=ASN Aircraft accident British Aerospace BAe-146-300 B-2716 Yinchuan Airport (INC) |url=https://www.asndata.aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=19930723-0 |access-date=2022-07-20 |website=aviation-safety.net |publisher=[[Aviation Safety Network]]}}</ref>
*[[1995]] &ndash; [[Comet Hale–Bopp]] is discovered; it becomes visible to the naked eye on Earth nearly a year later.
*[[1997]] &ndash; [[Digital Equipment Corporation]] files [[Competition law|antitrust]] charges against chipmaker [[Intel]].
*[[1999]] &ndash; [[All Nippon Airways Flight 61|ANA Flight 61]] is [[Aircraft hijacking|hijacked]] in [[Tokyo]], [[Japan]] by [[All Nippon Airways Flight 61|Yuji Nishizawa]].
*  1999   &ndash; [[Space Shuttle Columbia|Space Shuttle ''Columbia'']] launches on [[STS-93]], with [[Eileen Collins]] becoming the first female space shuttle commander. The shuttle also carried and deployed the [[Chandra X-ray Observatory]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://science.ksc.nasa.gov/shuttle/missions/sts-93/mission-sts-93.html|title=STS-93|website=science.ksc.nasa.gov|access-date=2019-07-02|archive-date=2019-07-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190702220310/https://science.ksc.nasa.gov/shuttle/missions/sts-93/mission-sts-93.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>
*[[2005]] &ndash; [[2005 Sharm el-Sheikh attacks|Three bombs explode]] in the Naama Bay area of [[Sharm El Sheikh]], Egypt, killing 88 people.
*[[2011]] &ndash; A [[High-speed rail|high-speed train]] [[Rear-end collision|rear-ends]] [[Wenzhou train collision|another on a viaduct]] on the [[Ningbo–Taizhou–Wenzhou Railway|Yongtaiwen railway line]] in [[Wenzhou]], [[Zhejiang]] province, China, resulting in 40 deaths.<ref>{{cite news|date=25 July 2011|title=First Fatal Crash on Chinese High Speed Line|work=Railway Gazette International|url=http://www.railwaygazette.com/nc/news/single-view/view/first-fatal-crash-on-chinese-high-speed-line.html|archive-date=11 August 2011|access-date=26 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110811193110/http://www.railwaygazette.com/nc/news/single-view/view/first-fatal-crash-on-chinese-high-speed-line.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>
*[[2012]] &ndash; The [[Solar storm of 2012]] was an unusually large [[coronal mass ejection]] that was emitted by the [[Sun]] which barely missed the [[Earth]] by nine days. If it hit, it would have caused up to US$2.6 trillion in damages to electrical equipment worldwide.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Phillips|first1=Tony|title=Near Miss: The Solar Superstorm of July 2012|url=https://science.nasa.gov/science-news/science-at-nasa/2014/23jul_superstorm/|access-date=6 September 2020|agency=NASA|date=23 July 2014}}</ref> 
*[[2014]] &ndash; [[TransAsia Airways Flight 222]] crashes in Xixi village near [[Huxi, Penghu]], during approach to [[Penghu Airport]]. Forty-eight of the 58 people on board are killed and five more people on the ground are injured.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=20140723-0|title=ASN Aircraft accident ATR 72-212A (ATR-72-500) B-22810 Magong Airport (MZG)|last=Ranter|first=Harro|website=aviation-safety.net|access-date=2019-07-15}}</ref>
*[[2015]] &ndash; [[NASA]] announces discovery of [[Kepler-452b]] by the [[Kepler space telescope]].
*[[2018]] &ndash; A [[2018 Attica wildfires|wildfire in East Attica]] kills at least 102 people. It’s the deadliest wildfire in the history of Greece.<ref>{{Cite news|date=25 July 2018|title=Ανατολική Αττική: Οι πιο φονικές φωτιές του 21ου αιώνα στον κόσμο μετά από εκείνες του 2009 στην Αυστραλία|work=NewsIT|url=https://www.newsit.gr/ellada/anatoliki-attiki-oi-pio-fonikes-foties-tou-21ou-aiona-ston-kosmo-meta-apo-ekeines-tou-2009-stin-aystralia/2586882/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.kathimerini.gr/1022112/gallery/epikairothta/ellada/mati-ta-ntokoymenta-miloyn---oi-sygklonistikoi-dialogoi-ths-moiraias-nyxtas|title="Μάτι: Τα ντοκουμέντα μιλούν" – Οι συγκλονιστικοί διάλογοι της μοιραίας νύχτας &#124; Η ΚΑΘΗΜΕΡΙΝΗ|date=2 May 2019 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.efsyn.gr/kosmos/158786_i-deyteri-pio-foniki-pyrkagia-ston-21o-aiona-pagkosmios|title=Η δεύτερη πιο φονική πυρκαγιά στον 21ο αιώνα παγκοσμίως|date=25 July 2018 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://mati2307.gr/?p=724|title = 102 πλέον οι νεκροί σε Ραφήνα και Μάτι – Το Μάτι μας}}</ref>