Editing July 20 (section)

==Events==
===Pre-1600===
*[[AD 70|70]] &ndash; [[Siege of Jerusalem (AD 70)|Siege of Jerusalem]]: [[Titus]], son of emperor [[Vespasian]], storms the [[Antonia Fortress|Fortress of Antonia]] north of the [[Temple Mount]]. The [[Roman army]] is drawn into street fights with the [[Zealots (Judea)|Zealots]].
* [[792]] &ndash; [[Kardam of Bulgaria]] defeats [[Byzantine Emperor]] [[Constantine VI]] at the [[Battle of Marcellae (792)|Battle of Marcellae]].
* [[911 (year)|911]] &ndash; [[Rollo]] [[Siege of Chartres (911)|lays siege to Chartres]].
*[[1189]] &ndash; [[Richard I of England]] officially invested as [[Duke of Normandy]].
*[[1225]] &ndash; [[Treaty of San Germano]] is signed at [[Cassino|San Germano]] between Holy Roman Emperor Frederick II and Pope Gregory IX. A Dominican named Guala is responsible for the negotiations.
*[[1398]] &ndash; The Battle of Kellistown was fought on this day between the forces of the [[English people|English]] led by [[Roger Mortimer, 4th Earl of March]] against the O'Byrnes and O'Tooles under the command of [[Art Óg mac Murchadha Caomhánach]], the most powerful Chieftain in Leinster.
*[[1402]] &ndash; Ottoman-Timurid Wars: [[Battle of Ankara]]: [[Timur]], ruler of [[Timurid Empire]], defeats forces of the [[Ottoman Empire]] sultan [[Bayezid I]].
*[[1592]] &ndash; During the [[Japanese invasions of Korea (1592–98)|first Japanese invasion of Korea]], Japanese forces led by [[Toyotomi Hideyoshi]] captured [[Pyongyang]], although they were ultimately unable to hold it.
===1601–1900===
*[[1705]] &ndash; A fire in [[Oulu]], [[Finland]] almost [[Great Oulu fire of 1705|completely destroyed the fourth district]], which covered the southern part of the city and was by far the largest of the city districts.<ref>{{cite book| title=Oulun kaupungin historia I| author=A.H. Virkkunen| publisher=Kirjola Oy |year= 1953|language=fi | pages=130–131}}</ref><ref>{{cite book| title=Oulun kaupungin historia II| author=Aimo Halila| publisher=Kirjola Oy |year= 1953|language=fi | page=71}}</ref>
*[[1715]] &ndash; [[Seventh Ottoman–Venetian War]]: The [[Ottoman Empire]] [[Siege of Nauplia (1715)|captures]] [[Nauplia]], the capital of the [[Republic of Venice]]'s "[[Kingdom of the Morea]]", thereby opening the way to the swift [[Ottoman reconquest of the Morea]].<ref>{{cite book | last=Chasiotis | first=Ioannis | chapter = Η κάμψη της Οθωμανικής δυνάμεως |trans-chapter=The decline of Ottoman power | pages = 8–51 | script-title=el:Ιστορία του Ελληνικού Έθνους, Τόμος ΙΑ′: Ο ελληνισμός υπό ξένη κυριαρχία, 1669–1821 |trans-title=History of the Greek Nation, Volume XI: Hellenism under foreign rule, 1669–1821 | location = Athens | year = 1975 | publisher = Ekdotiki Athinon | language = el}}</ref>
*[[1738]] &ndash; Canadian explorer [[Pierre Gaultier de Varennes, sieur de La Vérendrye|Pierre Gaultier de Varennes et de La Vérendrye]] reaches the western shore of [[Lake Michigan]].
*[[1799]] &ndash; [[Tekle Giyorgis I]] begins his first of six reigns as [[Emperor of Ethiopia]].<ref>[[Herbert Weld Blundell|H. Weld Blundell]], ''The Royal chronicle of Abyssinia, 1769–1840'' (Cambridge: University Press, 1922), p. 334</ref>
*[[1807]] &ndash; [[Nicéphore Niépce]] is awarded a patent by [[Napoleon]] for the [[Pyréolophore]], the world's first [[internal combustion engine]], after it successfully powered a boat upstream on the river [[Saône]] in France.
*[[1810]] &ndash; Citizens of [[Bogotá]], [[Viceroyalty of New Granada|New Granada]] declare independence from Spain.
*[[1831]] &ndash; [[Seneca people|Seneca]] and [[Shawnee]] people agree to relinquish their land in western [[Ohio]] for 60,000 acres west of the [[Mississippi River]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ohiohistorycentral.org/w/Treaty_with_the_Senecas,_Shawnees_and_Wyandots_(1831)|title=Treaty with the Senecas, Shawnees and Wyandots (1831) - Ohio History Central|website=www.ohiohistorycentral.org|language=en|access-date=2018-11-04}}</ref>
*[[1848]] &ndash; The first [[Seneca Falls Convention|Women's Rights Convention]] in [[Seneca Falls (hamlet), New York|Seneca Falls, New York]], a two-day event, concludes.
*[[1864]] &ndash; American Civil War: [[Battle of Peachtree Creek]]: Near [[Atlanta|Atlanta, Georgia]], [[Confederate States of America|Confederate]] forces led by General [[John Bell Hood]] unsuccessfully attack [[Union (American Civil War)|Union]] [[Union Army|troops]] under General [[William T. Sherman]].
*[[1866]] &ndash; [[Austro-Prussian War]]: [[Battle of Lissa (1866)|Battle of Lissa]]: The [[Austro-Hungarian Navy|Austrian Navy]]<!-- No [[Austria-Hungary]] till 1867. -->, led by Admiral [[Wilhelm von Tegetthoff]], defeats the [[Regia Marina|Italian Navy]] near the island of [[Vis (island)|Vis]] in the [[Adriatic Sea]].
*[[1871]] &ndash; [[British Columbia]] joins the [[Canadian Confederation]].
*[[1885]] &ndash; [[The Football Association]] legalizes professionalism in [[association football]] under pressure from the [[British Football Association]].

===1901–present===
*[[1903]] &ndash; The [[Ford Motor Company]] ships its first automobile.
*[[1906]] &ndash; In [[Finland]], a new electoral law is ratified, guaranteeing the country the first and equal right to vote in the world. Finnish women are the first in Europe to [[Women's suffrage|receive the right to vote]].<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.jyu.fi/ajankohtaista/arkisto/2006/03/tiedote-2009-10-01-20-12-22-833815 | title = Suomi valitsi maailman ensimmäiset naiskansanedustajat | last = Kananen | first= Anitta | date = March 2006 | publisher = [[University of Jyväskylä]] | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131203035928/https://www.jyu.fi/ajankohtaista/arkisto/2006/03/tiedote-2009-10-01-20-12-22-833815 | access-date = July 15, 2021 | archive-date = 2013-12-03 | language = fi}}</ref>
*[[1917]] &ndash; [[World War I]]: The [[Corfu Declaration]], which leads to the creation of the post-war [[Kingdom of Yugoslavia]], is signed by the Yugoslav Committee and Kingdom of Serbia.
*[[1920]] &ndash; The Greek Army takes control of [[Silivri]] after [[Greece]] is awarded the city by the [[Paris Peace Conference, 1919|Paris Peace Conference]]; by 1923 Greece effectively lost control to the Turks.
*[[1922]] &ndash; The [[League of Nations]] awards mandates of [[Togoland]] to France and [[Tanganyika (territory)|Tanganyika]] to the United Kingdom.
*[[1932]] &ndash; In the ''[[Preußenschlag]]'', German President Hindenburg places Prussia directly under the rule of the national government.
*[[1934]] &ndash; Labor unrest in the U.S.: Police in [[Minneapolis]] fire upon striking [[Trucker|truck drivers]], during the [[Minneapolis Teamsters Strike of 1934]], killing two and wounding sixty-seven.
*  1934   &ndash; [[1934 West Coast waterfront strike|West Coast waterfront strike]]: In [[Seattle]], police fire [[tear gas]] on and club 2,000 striking [[stevedore|longshoremen]]. The [[governor of Oregon]] calls out the National Guard to break a strike on the [[Portland, Oregon|Portland]] docks.
*[[1935]] &ndash; Switzerland: A [[Royal Dutch Airlines]] plane en route from [[Milan]] to [[Frankfurt]] crashes into a Swiss mountain, killing thirteen.
*[[1936]] &ndash; The [[Montreux Convention Regarding the Regime of the Straits|Montreux Convention]] is signed in [[Montreux|Switzerland]], authorizing [[Turkey]] to fortify the [[Dardanelles]] and [[Bosphorus]] but guaranteeing free passage to ships of all nations in peacetime.
*[[1938]] &ndash; The [[United States Department of Justice]] files suit in New York City against the [[motion picture]] industry charging violations of the [[Sherman Antitrust Act]] in regards to the [[studio system]].  The case would eventually result in a break-up of the industry in [[1948]].
*[[1940]] &ndash; Denmark leaves the [[League of Nations]].
*  1940   &ndash; [[California]] opens its first [[freeway]], the [[Arroyo Seco Parkway]].
*[[1941]] &ndash; [[Soviet Union|Soviet leader]] [[Joseph Stalin]] consolidates the Commissariats of Home Affairs and National Security to form the [[NKVD]] and names [[Lavrentiy Beria]] its chief.
*[[1944]] &ndash; [[World War II]]: [[Adolf Hitler]] survives [[20 July plot|an assassination attempt]] led by German Army Colonel [[Claus von Stauffenberg]].
*[[1949]] &ndash; The [[Israel–Syria Mixed Armistice Commission]] brokers the last of four ceasefire agreements to end the [[1948 Arab–Israeli War]].
*[[1950]] &ndash; [[Cold War]]: In [[Philadelphia]], [[Harry Gold]] pleads guilty to spying for the Soviet Union by passing secrets from atomic scientist [[Klaus Fuchs]].
*  1950   &ndash; After a month-long campaign, the majority of North Korea's [[Korean People's Air Force|Air Force]] [[Air Battle of South Korea|was destroyed]] by anti-communist forces.<ref>{{citation|first=Robert F.|last=Futrell |title=The United States Air Force in Korea, 1950–1953|publisher=[[United States Government Printing Office]] |year=1997 |location=[[Washington, D.C.]] |isbn=978-0-16-048879-5|page=101}}</ref> 
*[[1951]] &ndash; King [[Abdullah I of Jordan]] is assassinated by a Palestinian while attending Friday prayers in [[Jerusalem]].
*[[1954]] &ndash; Germany: [[Otto John]], head of West Germany's secret service, defects to [[East Germany]].
*[[1960]] &ndash; Ceylon (now [[Sri Lanka]]) elects [[Sirimavo Bandaranaike]] [[Prime Minister of Sri Lanka|Prime Minister]], the world's first elected female head of government.
*  1960   &ndash; The [[Polaris missile]] is successfully launched from a submarine, the {{USS|George Washington|SSBN-598|6}}, for the first time.
*[[1961]] &ndash; French military forces break the [[Tunisia]]n [[Bizerte crisis|siege of Bizerte]].
*[[1964]] &ndash; [[Vietnam War]]: [[Viet Cong]] forces attack the capital of [[Định Tường Province]], [[Cái Bè]], killing 11 [[South Vietnam]]ese military personnel and 40 civilians (30 of whom are children).
*[[1968]] &ndash; The first International [[Special Olympics]] Summer Games are held at [[Soldier Field]] in Chicago, with about 1,000 athletes with intellectual disabilities.
*[[1969]] &ndash; [[Apollo program]]: [[Apollo 11]]'s crew successfully makes the first human landing on the [[Moon]] in the [[Mare Tranquillitatis|Sea of Tranquility]]. Americans [[Neil Armstrong]] and [[Buzz Aldrin]] become the first humans to walk on the Moon six and a half hours later.
*  1969   &ndash; A cease fire is announced between [[Honduras]] and [[El Salvador]], six days after the beginning of the "[[Football War]]".
*[[1974]] &ndash; [[Turkish invasion of Cyprus]]: Forces from [[Turkey]] invade [[Cyprus]] after a ''coup d'état'', organised by the dictator of Greece, against [[Makarios III|president Makarios]].
*[[1976]] &ndash; The American ''[[Viking 1]]'' lander successfully lands on [[Mars]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Lang |first1=Kenneth R. |title=The Cambridge Guide to the Solar System |date=3 March 2011 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-139-49417-5 |page=255 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=S4xDhVCxAQIC&pg=PA255 |language=en}}</ref>
*[[1977]] &ndash; The [[Central Intelligence Agency]] releases documents under the [[Freedom of Information Act (United States)|Freedom of Information Act]] revealing it had engaged in [[Project MKUltra|mind-control experiments]].
*  1977   &ndash; The [[Johnstown flood of 1977]] kills 84 people and causes millions of dollars in damages. 
*  1977   &ndash; [[Aeroflot Flight B-2]] crashes after takeoff from [[Vitim Airport|Vilim Airport]] in the [[Sakha Republic]], killing 39.<ref name="airu">{{Cite web |title=Катастрофа Ил-14М Иркутского ОАО ВС УГА в а/п Витим |trans-title=Disaster of Il-14M of Irkutsk Open Society of Armed Forces of the UGA in Vitim |url=http://airdisaster.ru/database.php?id=208 |access-date=2018-08-12 |website=airdisaster.ru |language=ru}}</ref> 
*[[1981]] &ndash; [[Somali Airlines Flight 40]] crashes in the [[Balad District, Somalia|Balad District]] of [[Somalia]], killing 50 people.<ref name="ASN">{{Cite web|last=Ranter|first=Harro|title=Aircraft accident Fokker F-27 Friendship 600RF 6O-SAY Balad Plane crash claims 49 in Somalia|url=https://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=19810720-0|access-date=2021-04-26|website=aviation-safety.net|publisher=[[Aviation Safety Network]]}}</ref>  
*[[1982]] &ndash; [[Hyde Park and Regent's Park bombings]]: The [[Provisional Irish Republican Army|Provisional IRA]] detonates two [[bomb]]s in [[Hyde Park, London|Hyde Park]] and [[Regent's Park]] in central London, killing eight soldiers, wounding forty-seven people, and leading to the deaths of seven horses.
*[[1985]] &ndash; The government of [[Aruba]] passes legislation to secede from the [[Netherlands Antilles]].
*[[1989]] &ndash; [[Burma]]'s ruling junta puts opposition leader [[Aung San Suu Kyi]] under house arrest.
*[[1992]] &ndash; [[Václav Havel]] resigns as president of [[Czechoslovakia]].
*1992   &ndash; A [[Tupolev Tu-154]] [[1992 Tbilisi Tupolev Tu-154 crash|crashes]] during takeoff from Tbilisi International Airport, killing all 24 aboard and four more people on the ground.<ref name="asn12">{{cite news |title=Accident description |url=https://aviation-safety.net/asndb/325495 |access-date=11 May 2024 |work=Aviation Safety Network}}</ref>
*[[1997]] &ndash; The fully restored {{USS|Constitution}} (a.k.a. ''Old Ironsides'') celebrates its 200th birthday by setting sail for the first time in 116 years.
*[[1999]] &ndash; The Chinese Communist Party begins a [[Persecution of Falun Gong|persecution]] campaign against [[Falun Gong]], arresting thousands nationwide.
*[[2005]] &ndash; The [[Civil Marriage Act]] legalizes same-sex marriage in Canada. 
*[[2012]] &ndash; [[James Holmes (mass murderer)|James Holmes]] [[2012 Aurora, Colorado shooting|opened fire]] at a movie theater in [[Aurora, Colorado]], killing 12 and injuring 70 others.
*  2012   &ndash; [[Syrian civil war]]: The [[People's Protection Units]] (YPG) capture the cities of [[Amuda]] and [[Afrin, Syria|Efrîn]] without resistance.<ref>{{cite news|title=More Kurdish Cities Liberated As Syrian Army Withdraws from Area |url=http://www.rudaw.net/english/kurds/4978.html |access-date=27 July 2012 |newspaper=Rudaw |date=20 July 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120721142617/http://www.rudaw.net/english/kurds/4978.html |archive-date=21 July 2012 }}</ref>
*[[2013]] &ndash; Seventeen government soldiers are killed in [[2013 Colombian clashes|an attack]] by [[FARC]] revolutionaries in the Colombian department of [[Arauca department|Arauca]].
*  2013   &ndash; [[Syrian civil war]]: The [[Battle of Ras al-Ayn (2012–13)|Battle of Ras al-Ayn]] ends with the expulsion of Islamist forces from the city by the [[People's Protection Units]] (YPG).<ref>{{cite book|last= Lister|first=  Charles R.|title= The Syrian Jihad: Al-Qaeda, the Islamic State and the Evolution of an Insurgency|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=S6eKCwAAQBAJ|date= 2015|publisher= [[Oxford University Press]]|location= [[Oxford]]|isbn= 9780190462475|pages= 96–97}}</ref>
*[[2015]] &ndash; A huge [[2015 Suruç bombing|explosion]] in the mostly [[Kurds|Kurdish]] border town of [[Suruç]], Turkey, targeting the Socialist Youth Associations Federation, kills at least 31 people and injures over 100.
*  2015   &ndash; The [[United States]] and [[Cuba]] resume full [[Cuba–United States relations|diplomatic relations]] after five decades.
*[[2017]] &ndash; [[O. J. Simpson]] is granted parole to be released from prison after serving nine years of a 33-year sentence after being convicted of armed robbery in [[Las Vegas]].
*[[2021]] &ndash; American businessman [[Jeff Bezos]] flies to space aboard [[New Shepard]] [[Blue Origin NS-16| NS-16]] operated by his [[private spaceflight]] company [[Blue Origin]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://apnews.com/article/jeff-bezos-space-e0afeaa813ff0bdf23c37fe16fd34265|title = Jeff Bezos blasts into space on own rocket: 'Best day ever!'|website = [[Associated Press]]|date = 20 July 2021}}</ref>