Editing July 19 (section)

==Events==
===Pre-1600===
*[[AD 64]] &ndash; The [[Great Fire of Rome]] causes widespread devastation and rages on for six days, destroying half of the city.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nationalgeographic.org/thisday/jul19/great-fire-rome/ |title=Great Fire of Rome |date=2014-06-18 |work=This Day in Geographic History |publisher=[[National Geographic Society]] |language=en |access-date=2018-07-16}}</ref>
* [[484]] &ndash; [[Leontius (usurper)|Leontius]], Roman [[usurper]], is crowned Eastern emperor at [[Tarsus, Mersin|Tarsus]] (modern [[Turkey]]). He is recognized in [[Antioch]] and makes it his capital.
*[[AD 711|711]] &ndash; [[Umayyad conquest of Hispania]]: [[Battle of Guadalete]]: [[Umayyad Caliphate|Umayyad]] forces under [[Tariq ibn Ziyad]] defeat the [[Visigoths]] led by King [[Roderic]].
* [[939]] &ndash; [[Battle of Simancas]]: King [[Ramiro II of León]] defeats the [[Moors|Moorish]] army under Caliph [[Abd-ar-Rahman III|Abd-al-Rahman III]] near the city of [[Simancas]].
* [[998]] &ndash; [[Arab–Byzantine wars]]: [[Battle of Apamea]]: [[Fatimids]] defeat a [[Byzantine]] army near [[Apamea, Syria|Apamea]].
*[[1333]] &ndash; [[Wars of Scottish Independence]]: [[Battle of Halidon Hill]]: The English win a decisive victory over the [[Kingdom of Scotland|Scots]].
*[[1544]] &ndash; [[Italian War of 1542–46]]: The first [[Sieges of Boulogne (1544–46)|Siege of Boulogne]] begins.
*[[1545]] &ndash; The [[Tudor period|Tudor]] warship ''[[Mary Rose]]'' sinks off [[Portsmouth]]; in 1982 the wreck is salvaged in one of the most complex and expensive projects in the history of maritime archaeology.
*[[1553]] &ndash; The attempt to install [[Lady Jane Grey]] as [[Queen regnant|Queen of England]]   collapses after only nine days.
*[[1588]] &ndash; [[Anglo-Spanish War (1585–1604)|Anglo-Spanish War]]: [[Battle of Gravelines (1588)|Battle of Gravelines]]: The [[Spanish Armada]] is sighted in the [[English Channel]].

===1601–1900===
*[[1701]] &ndash; Representatives of the [[Iroquois|Iroquois Confederacy]] sign the [[Nanfan Treaty]], ceding a large territory north of the [[Ohio River]] to [[Kingdom of England|England]].
*[[1702]] &ndash; [[Great Northern War]]: A numerically superior Polish-Saxon army of [[Augustus II the Strong]], operating from an advantageous defensive position, is defeated by a Swedish army half its size under the command of King [[Charles XII of Sweden|Charles XII]] in the [[Battle of Klissow]].
*[[1817]] &ndash; Unsuccessful in his [[Schäffer affair|attempt to conquer]] the [[Kingdom of Hawaii|Kingdom of Hawaiʻi]] for the [[Russian-American Company]], [[Georg Anton Schäffer]] is forced to admit defeat and leave [[Kauai|Kauaʻi]].
*[[1821]] &ndash; Coronation of [[George IV of the United Kingdom]].
*[[1832]] &ndash; The [[British Medical Association]] is founded as the Provincial Medical and Surgical Association by Sir [[Charles Hastings (English physician)|Charles Hastings]] at a meeting in the Board Room of the [[Worcester, England|Worcester]] Infirmary.
*[[1843]] &ndash; [[Isambard Kingdom Brunel|Brunel's]] [[Steamboat|steamship]] the {{SS|Great Britain}} is launched, becoming the first ocean-going craft with an iron hull and [[screw propeller]], becoming the largest vessel afloat in the world.
*[[1845]] &ndash; [[Great New York City Fire of 1845]]: The last great fire to affect [[Manhattan]] begins early in the morning and is subdued that afternoon. The fire kills four firefighters and 26 civilians and destroys 345 buildings.
*[[1848]] &ndash; [[Women's rights]]: A two-day [[Seneca Falls Convention|Women's Rights Convention]] opens in [[Seneca Falls (hamlet), New York|Seneca Falls, New York]].
*[[1863]] &ndash; [[American Civil War]]: [[Morgan's Raid]]: At [[Buffington Island]] in [[Ohio]], [[Confederate States of America|Confederate]] General [[John Hunt Morgan]]'s raid into the north is mostly thwarted when a large group of his men are [[Battle of Buffington Island|captured]] while trying to escape across the [[Ohio River]].
*[[1864]] &ndash; [[Taiping Rebellion]]: [[Third Battle of Nanking]]: The [[Qing dynasty]] finally defeats the [[Taiping Heavenly Kingdom]].
*[[1870]] &ndash; [[Franco-Prussian War]]: France declares war on [[Prussia]].
*[[1900]] &ndash; The [[Paris Métro Line 1|first line]] of the [[Paris Métro]] opens for operation.
===1901–present===
*[[1903]] &ndash; [[Maurice Garin]] wins the [[1903 Tour de France|first Tour de France]].<ref>{{cite book|first=Jacques|last=Augendre|author-link=Jacques Augendre|url=http://netstorage.lequipe.fr/ASO/cyclisme/le-tour/2016/histoire/TDF16_GH_Interactif-PROD.pdf|title=Guide historique|trans-title=Historical guide|year=2016|language=fr|access-date=27 October 2016|work=[[Tour de France]]|location=Paris|publisher=[[Amaury Sport Organisation]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160817121602/http://netstorage.lequipe.fr/ASO/cyclisme/le-tour/2016/histoire/TDF16_GH_Interactif-PROD.pdf|archive-date=17 August 2016|url-status=live|page=5}}</ref>
*[[1916]] &ndash; [[World War I]]: [[Battle of Fromelles]]: [[61st (2nd South Midland) Division|British]] and [[First Australian Imperial Force|Australian]] troops attack [[German Empire|German]] trenches as part of the [[Battle of the Somme]].
*[[1934]] &ndash; The rigid airship {{USS|Macon|ZRS-5|6}} surprised the {{USS|Houston|CA-30|6}} near [[Clipperton Island]] with a mail delivery for President [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]], demonstrating its potential for tracking ships at sea.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Geoghegan |first=John J. |date=October 2008 |title=The USS Macon |url=https://warfarehistorynetwork.com/article/the-uss-macon/ |magazine=Military Heritage |language=en-US}}</ref>
*[[1936]] &ndash; [[Spanish Civil War]]: The [[Confederación Nacional del Trabajo|CNT]] and [[Unión General de Trabajadores|UGT]] call a [[general strike]] in [[Second Spanish Republic|Spain]] – mobilizing workers' militias against the [[Nationalist faction (Spanish Civil War)|Nationalist forces]].
*[[1940]] &ndash; [[World War II]]: [[Battle of Cape Spada]]: The [[Royal Navy]] and the [[Regia Marina]] clash; the Italian light cruiser ''[[Bartolomeo Colleoni#Italian cruiser Bartolomeo Colleoni|Bartolomeo Colleoni]]'' sinks, with 121 casualties.
*  1940   &ndash; [[1940 Field Marshal Ceremony|Field Marshal Ceremony]]: First occasion in World War II that [[Adolf Hitler]] appoints field marshals due to military achievements.
*  1940   &ndash; World War II: Army order 112 forms the [[Intelligence Corps (United Kingdom)|Intelligence Corps]] of the [[British Army]].
*[[1942]] &ndash; World War II: The [[Second Happy Time]] of Hitler's submarines comes to an end, as the increasingly effective American convoy system compels them to return to the central Atlantic.
*[[1943]] &ndash; World War II: Rome is [[Bombing of Rome in World War II|heavily bombed]] by more than 500 Allied aircraft, inflicting thousands of casualties.
*[[1947]] &ndash; Prime Minister of the shadow [[Myanmar|Burmese]] government, Bogyoke [[Aung San]] and eight others are [[assassination|assassinated]].
*  1947   &ndash; Korean politician [[Lyuh Woon-hyung]] is assassinated.
*[[1952]] &ndash; Opening of the [[1952 Summer Olympics|Summer Olympics]] in [[Helsinki]], Finland.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://bryanpinkall.blogspot.com/2012/07/1952-summer-olympic-opening-ceremony.html/ |title=1952 Helsinki Summer Olympic Opening Ceremony |date=2012-07-12 |work=Olympic Ceremony Database |publisher=Bryan Pinkall's World of Opera, Olympics, and More |language=en |access-date=2018-07-19 |archive-date=2019-04-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190430091350/https://bryanpinkall.blogspot.com/2012/07/1952-summer-olympic-opening-ceremony.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>
*[[1957]] &ndash; The largely [[autobiographical novel]] ''[[The Ordeal of Gilbert Pinfold]]'' by [[Evelyn Waugh]] was published.<ref>{{cite book|author-link=Selina Hastings (writer)|last= Hastings|first= Selina|title= Evelyn Waugh: A Biography|publisher=Sinclair-Stevenson|location= London|year= 1994|isbn= 1-85619-223-7|pages=567}}</ref>
*[[1961]] &ndash; Tunisia [[Bizerte crisis|imposes a blockade]] on the French naval base at [[Bizerte]]; the French would capture the entire town four days later.
*[[1963]] &ndash; [[Joseph A. Walker|Joe Walker]] flies a [[North American X-15]] to a record altitude of 106,010 meters (347,800 feet) on [[X-15 Flight 90]]. Exceeding an altitude of 100&nbsp;km, this flight qualifies as a [[human spaceflight]] under international convention.
*[[1964]] &ndash; [[Vietnam War]]: At a rally in [[Ho Chi Minh City|Saigon]], [[South Vietnam]]ese [[Prime minister|Prime Minister]] [[Nguyễn Khánh]] calls for expanding the war into [[North Vietnam]].
*[[1967]] &ndash; [[Piedmont Airlines Flight 22]], a [[Piedmont Airlines (1948-1989)|Piedmont Airlines]] [[Boeing 727-22]] and a twin-engine [[Cessna 310]] collided over [[Hendersonville, North Carolina]], [[United States|USA]]. Both aircraft were destroyed and all passengers and crew were killed, including [[John T. McNaughton]], an advisor to [[Robert McNamara]].<ref name="blueridgenow1">{{cite news |last1=Lacey |first1=Derek |title=51 years later: A look back at the Flight 22 disaster over Hendersonville |url=https://www.blueridgenow.com/news/20180719/51-years-later-look-back-at-flight-22-disaster-over-hendersonville |access-date=21 July 2021 |publisher=Times-News |date=19 July 2018}}</ref>
*[[1969]] &ndash; [[Chappaquiddick incident]]: U.S. Senator [[Ted Kennedy]] crashes his car into a tidal pond at [[Chappaquiddick Island, Massachusetts]], killing his passenger [[Mary Jo Kopechne]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Damore |first1=Leo |title=Senatorial Privilege: The Chappaquiddick Cover-up |page=[https://archive.org/details/senatorialpriv00damo/page/191 191] |date=1988 |publisher=Dell Publishing |location=New York |isbn=0-440-20416-X |url=https://archive.org/details/senatorialpriv00damo/page/191 |access-date=October 23, 2019 }}</ref>
*[[1972]] &ndash; [[Dhofar Rebellion]]: British [[Special Air Service|SAS]] units help the [[Oman]]i government against [[Popular Front for the Liberation of Oman]] rebels in the [[Battle of Mirbat]].
*[[1976]] &ndash; [[Sagarmatha National Park]] in Nepal is created.
*[[1977]] &ndash; The world's first [[Global Positioning System]] (GPS) signal was transmitted from Navigation Technology Satellite 2 (NTS-2) and received at [[Rockwell Collins]] in [[Cedar Rapids, Iowa]], at 12:41&nbsp;a.m. Eastern time (ET).<ref>{{cite press release| title=Rockwell Collins celebrates 40 years since receiving the world’s first GPS satellite signal | website=rockwellcollins.com | date=2017-09-21 | url=http://www.rockwellcollins.com/Data/News/2017-Cal-Yr/GS/20170719-GPS-40-Anniversary.aspx | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170722041226/http://www.rockwellcollins.com/Data/News/2017-Cal-Yr/GS/20170719-GPS-40-Anniversary.aspx | archive-date=2017-07-22 | url-status=dead }}</ref>
*[[1979]] &ndash; The [[Sandinista National Liberation Front|Sandinista]] rebels overthrow the [[Forms of government|government]] of the [[Anastasio Somoza Debayle|Somoza]] family in [[Nicaragua]].
*  1979   &ndash; The oil tanker ''[[SS Atlantic Empress]]'' collides with another oil tanker, causing the largest ever [[List of oil spills|ship-borne oil spill]]. 
*[[1980]] &ndash; Opening of the [[1980 Summer Olympics|Summer Olympics]] in [[Moscow]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.iisoh.org/opening-ceremonies-1980-olympic-games/ |title=Opening Ceremonies of the 1980 Olympic Games |date=2016-09-03 |work=Olympic Games |publisher=International Institute For Sport History |language=en |access-date=2018-07-19}}</ref>
*[[1981]] &ndash; In a private meeting with U.S. President [[Ronald Reagan]], French President [[François Mitterrand]] reveals the existence of the ''[[Farewell Dossier]]'', a collection of documents showing the Soviet Union had been stealing American technological research and development.
*[[1982]] &ndash; In one of the first militant attacks by [[Hezbollah]], [[David S. Dodge]], president of the [[American University of Beirut]], is kidnapped.<ref name=nyt>{{cite news| first = Margalit| last = Fox| title = David Dodge, an Early Lebanon Hostage, Dies at 86| work= [[The New York Times]]| url = https://www.nytimes.com/2009/01/31/world/middleeast/31dodge.html| date = 25 January 2009| access-date = 30 November 2011}}</ref>
*[[1983]] &ndash; The first [[Michael W. Vannier|three-dimensional reconstruction]] of a human head in a [[CT scan|CT]] is published.
*[[1985]] &ndash; The [[Val di Stava dam collapse]]s killing 268 people in Val di Stava, Italy.
*[[1989]] &ndash; [[United Airlines Flight 232]] crashes in Sioux City, Iowa killing 111.<!--Major impact on policy and industry-->
*[[1992]] &ndash; A car bomb [[Massacre of Via D'Amelio|kills Judge Paolo Borsellino]] and five members of his escort.
*[[1997]] &ndash; [[The Troubles]]: The [[Provisional Irish Republican Army]] resumes a ceasefire to end their [[Provisional Irish Republican Army campaign 1969–97|25-year paramilitary campaign]] to end British rule in Northern Ireland.
*[[2011]] &ndash; [[Guinea|Guinean]] President [[Alpha Condé]] survives an attempted assassination and coup d'état at his [[Presidential Palace, Conakry|residence]] in [[Conakry]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Guinea's president survives assassination attempt |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/jul/19/guinea-president-survives-assassination-attempt |access-date=15 October 2022 |newspaper=The Guardian|date=19 July 2011}}</ref>
*[[2012]] &ndash; [[Syrian civil war]]: The [[People's Protection Units]] (YPG) capture the city of [[Kobanî]] without resistance, starting the [[Rojava conflict]] in Northeast Syria.<ref>{{cite news|title=More Kurdish Cities Liberated As Syrian Army Withdraws from Area |url=http://www.rudaw.net/english/kurds/4978.html |access-date=27 July 2012 |newspaper=Rudaw |date=20 July 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120721142617/http://www.rudaw.net/english/kurds/4978.html |archive-date=21 July 2012 }}</ref>
*[[2014]] &ndash; Gunmen in Egypt's western desert province of [[New Valley Governorate]] [[July 2014 Al-Wadi Al-Gedid attack|attack]] a military checkpoint, killing at least 21 soldiers. Egypt reportedly declares a [[state of emergency]] on its border with Sudan.
*[[2018]] &ndash; The [[Knesset]] passes the controversial [[Basic Law: Israel as the Nation-State of the Jewish People|Nationality Bill]], which defines the [[State of Israel]] as the [[nation-state]] of the [[Jewish people]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Knesset passes Jewish nation-state bill into law |url=https://main.knesset.gov.il/EN/News/PressReleases/Pages/Pr13979_pg.aspx |website=knesset.gov.il |access-date=15 October 2022}}</ref>
*[[2024]] ─ A faulty [[Patch (computing)|software update]] by [[CrowdStrike]], an American [[Computer security|cybersecurity]] company, causes [[2024 CrowdStrike incident|global computer outages]].<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Satariano |first1=Adam |last2=Mozur |first2=Paul |last3=Conger |first3=Kate |last4=Frenkel |first4=Sheera |date=2024-07-19 |title=Chaos and Confusion: Tech Outage Causes Disruptions Worldwide |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/07/19/business/microsoft-outage-cause-azure-crowdstrike.html |access-date=2024-07-19 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref>
*2024 ─ The [[International Court of Justice]] (ICJ) delivered a [[ICJ case on Israel's occupation of the Palestinian territories|ruling]] stating that [[Israel]] should end its illegal occupation of the [[Palestinian territories]]. The ICJ identified that all member states of the [[United Nations|UN]] are under an obligation not to recognize the occupation as legal nor "render aid or assistance" toward maintaining Israel's presence in the occupied territories.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Corder |first=Mike |date=2024-07-20 |title='Unlawful': Top UN court orders Israel end its occupation of Palestinian territories |url=https://www.theage.com.au/world/middle-east/top-un-court-says-israel-s-presence-in-occupied-palestinian-territories-is-illegal-20240720-p5jv5r.html |access-date=2024-08-06 |website=The Age |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last1=Berg |first1=Stephanie van den |last2=Rose |first2=Emily |date=2024-07-19 |title=Top UN court says Israel's occupation of Palestinian territories is illegal |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/top-un-court-deliver-opinion-israels-occupation-palestinian-territories-2024-07-19/ |access-date=2024-08-06 |work=[[Reuters]]}}</ref>