Editing Jules Pascin (section)

== Early life ==
Julius Mordecai Pincas was born in [[Vidin]], Bulgaria, the eighth of eleven children,<ref name="JVL">{{cite web | url=https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/biography/Pascin.html | title=Jules Pascin | publisher=American-Israeli Cooperative Enterprise | access-date=November 30, 2015}}</ref> to the [[Sephardic]] Jewish family of a [[grain trade|grain merchant]] named Marcus Pincas.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pascin-expertise.org/index.php?p=1_16|title=Biography » Pascin Expertise - Bienvenu sur Pascin Expertise|last=author|website=www.pascin-expertise.org}}</ref><ref name="jstor.org">{{cite journal|jstor=774079|title=Jules Pascin in the New World|first=Alfred|last=Werner|date=Autumn 1959 |journal=College Art Journal|volume=19|issue=1|pages=30–39|doi=10.2307/774079|s2cid=162515886 }}</ref> Originally from the city of [[Ruse, Bulgaria|Ruse]], the Pincas family was one of the wealthiest in Vidin; they bought and exported wheat, rice, maize and sunflower.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.centropa.org/index.php?nID=30&x=c2VhcmNoVHlwZT1CaW9EZXRhaWw7IHNlYXJjaFZhbHVlPTY=|title=Home - centropa.org|website=www.centropa.org}}</ref> His mother, Sofie (Sophie) Pincas, belonged to a Sephardic family, Russo, which had moved from [[Trieste]] to [[Zemun]], where she and her husband lived before moving to Vidin and where their older children were born.<ref name="jstor.org"/><ref>[http://www.sephardicgen.com/databases/viennaWeddingsSearchEngine.php?PageKind=exact&PageMax=&RegisterNoKind=exact&RegisterNoMax=&WeddingDayKind=exact&WeddingDayMax=&WeddingMonthKind=exact&WeddingMonthMax=&WeddingYearKind=exact&WeddingYearMax=&GroomGivenNameKind=exact&GroomGivenNameSoundex=&offset=351 Sephardic marriages in Vienna]: February 1901 — Abraham Alfred Yerocham of [[Plovdiv]] (son of Menachem and Sol Yerocham) and Rebecca Pincas of Zemun (daughter of Marcus and Sofie Pincas).</ref> 

The family spoke [[Judaeo-Spanish]] at home.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://modernartconsulting.ru/en/2011/12/ilya-ehrenburg-about-jules-pascin/ |title=Ilya Ehrenburg about Jules Pascin (''People, Years, Life: memoires'') |access-date=2013-02-26 |archive-date=2018-07-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180701164926/http://modernartconsulting.ru/en/2011/12/ilya-ehrenburg-about-jules-pascin/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> In 1892, he moved with his parents to [[Bucharest]], where his father opened a grain company, "Marcus Pincas & Co". Pascin worked briefly for his father's firm at the age of fifteen, but also frequented a local [[brothel]] where he made his earliest drawings.<ref name="JVL" /> His first artistic training was in Vienna in 1902 at age seventeen.<ref name="JVL" /> In 1903 he relocated to Munich, where he studied at Moritz Heymann's academy.<ref name="Alley_&_Barlow">Alley and Barlow, ''Oxford Art Online''</ref> There he got in touch with [[Paul Klee]], [[Alfred Kubin]] and [[Wassily Kandinsky]].<ref name=":0" /> In 1905 he began contributing drawings to ''[[Simplicissimus]]'', a satirical magazine published in Munich.<ref name="Dupouy_5">Dupouy 2014, p. 5</ref> Because his father objected to the family name being associated with these drawings,<ref name="Dupouy_5" /> the 20-year-old artist adopted the [[pseudonym]] Pascin (an [[anagram]] of Pincas) with his father's permission.<ref>According to Alfred Werner, "he never added his first name, even in its French form. His suicide note is signed 'Jules Pincas dit Pascin.' " Werner 1972, p. vii</ref><ref name=":0" /> He continued to contribute drawings to a Munich daily until 1929.<ref name="JVL" />

=== Paris ===
In December 1905, Pascin moved to Paris, becoming part of the great migration of artists to that city at the start of the 20th century. There he was welcome by "Les Dômiers" the regular customers of [[Le Dôme Café|Cafe le Dome]].<ref name=":0" /> The Dômiers introduced Pascin to [[Hermine David|Hermaine David]] in 1907. She was also a painter and at the time a student in the [[Académie Julian]] and student of [[Jean-Paul Laurens]]. The two became lovers. In that same year Pascin had his first solo exhibition at [[Paul Cassirer]] Gallery in Berlin.<ref name="JVL"/><ref name=":0" /> Despite his social life, Pascin created thousands of watercolors and sketches, plus drawings and caricatures that he sold to various newspapers and magazines. In 1908, Pascin began to study in the [[Académie Matisse]].<ref name=":0" /> Pascin would visit the [[Louvre]], taking a special interest in the masters of the 18th century especially [[Jean-Baptiste Greuze|Greuze]], Boucher, [[Antoine Watteau|Watteau]] and Fragonard.<ref name=":0" /> 

He exhibited his works in commercial galleries and in the [[Salon d'Automne]], the [[Salon des Indépendants]], and the exhibitions of the [[Berlin Secession]]<ref name="Alley_&_Barlow" /> and at the Sonderbund-Ausstellung in Cologne.<ref name="JVL" /> Between 1905 and 1914 he exhibited drawings, watercolors, and prints, but rarely paintings.<ref>Diehl 1968, p. 26.</ref> It was not until about 1907–1909 that he produced his first paintings,<ref>Diehl 1968, p. 41.</ref> which were portraits and nudes in a style influenced by [[Fauvism]] and [[Cézanne]].<ref name="Alley_&_Barlow" /> Around 1911, Pascin persuaded [[Aïcha Goblet]] to become his artists' model. She sat exclusively for him for around a year, before working with other artists and they stayed good friends until his death.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Fabre |first=Michel |date=2007 |title=Rediscovering Aïcha, Lucy and D'al-Al, Colored French Stage Artists in Josephine Baker: A Century in the Spotlight |url=https://sfonline.barnard.edu/baker/print_mfabre.htm |access-date=2024-09-19 |website=sfonline.barnard.edu}}</ref> 

Pascin wanted to become a serious painter, but in time he became deeply depressed over his inability to achieve critical success with his efforts. Dissatisfied with his slow progress in the new medium, he studied the art of drawing at the [[Académie Colarossi]], and painted copies after the masters in the [[Louvre]].<ref>Diehl 1968, pp. 37-41.</ref> He exhibited in the United States for the first time in 1913, when twelve of his works were shown at the [[Armory Show]] in New York.<ref name="JVL" /> 
 
Pascin relocated to London at the outbreak of World War I to avoid service in the Bulgarian army and left for the United States on October 3, 1914.<ref name="JVL"/> On October 31, Hermine David sailed for the United States to join him.