Editing Judo (section)

==History and philosophy==

===Early life of its founder===
[[File:Kano Jigoro.jpg|thumb|left|[[Jigoro Kano]], founder of judo]]

The early history of judo is inseparable from its founder, [[Japanese people|Japanese]] [[polymath]] and educator {{nihongo3|Jigoro Kano|嘉納 治五郎|[[Kanō Jigorō]]|1860–1938}}, born {{nihongo3|Jigorō Shinnosuke|新之助 治五郎|Shinnosuke Jigorō}}. Kano was born into a relatively affluent family. His father, Jirosaku, was the second son of the head priest of the [[Shinto]] [[Hiyoshi Shrine|Hiyoshi shrine]] in [[Shiga Prefecture]]. He married Sadako Kano, daughter of the owner of Kiku-Masamune sake brewing company and was adopted by the family, changing his name to Kano. He ultimately became an official in the [[Bakufu#Shogunate|Shogunate]] government.<ref>Kano (2008) pp. 46–47</ref>

Jigoro Kano had an academic upbringing and, from the age of seven, he studied English, {{nihongo3|[[Japanese calligraphy]]|書道|shodō}} and the {{nihongo|[[Four Books#Four Books|Four Confucian Texts]]|四書|Shisho}} under a number of tutors.<ref name="Kano 2008, p. 1; Hoare 2009, p. 43">Kano (2008) p. 1; Hoare (2009) p. 43</ref> When he was fourteen, Kano began boarding at an English-medium school, Ikuei-Gijuku in [[Shiba, Tokyo]]. The culture of [[bullying]] endemic at this school was the catalyst that caused Kano to seek out a {{nihongo3|[[Jujutsu]]|柔術|Jūjutsu}} {{nihongo3|[[dōjō]]|道場|dōjō|training place}} at which to train.<ref name="Kano 2008, p. 1; Hoare 2009, p. 43"/>

Early attempts to find a jujutsu teacher who was willing to take him on met with little success. Jujutsu had become unfashionable in an increasingly [[Westernization|westernized]] Japan. Many of those who had once taught the art had been forced out of teaching or become so disillusioned with it that they had simply given up. Nakai Umenari, an acquaintance of Kanō's father and a former soldier, agreed to show him ''kata'', but not to teach him. The caretaker of Jirosaku's second house, Katagiri Ryuji, also knew jujutsu, but would not teach it as he believed it was no longer of practical use. Another frequent visitor, Imai Genshiro of ''[[Kyushin-ryū]]'' school of jujutsu, also refused.<ref name="Kano (2008) p. 2">Kano (2008) p. 2</ref> Several years passed before he finally found a willing teacher.<ref name="Kano (2008) p. 2"/>

In 1877, as a student at the [[University of Tokyo]], Kano learned that many jujutsu teachers had been forced to pursue alternative careers, frequently opening {{nihongo3|''Seikotsu-in''|整骨院||traditional osteopathy practices}}.<ref>Hoare (2009) p. 44</ref> After inquiring at a number of these, Kano was referred to Fukuda Hachinosuke ({{circa|1828}}–1880),<ref>Fukuda (2004) p. 145</ref> a teacher of the ''[[Tenjin Shin'yō-ryū]]'' of jujutsu, who had a small nine mat [[dōjō]] where he taught five students.<ref>Kano (2008) pp. 3–4; Hoare (2009) pp. 45–47; Fukuda (2004) pp. 145–152. Keiko Fukuda 9th Dan (born 1913) is the granddaughter of Fukuda Hachinosuke, and is the last surviving direct student of Kano: {{cite news |last=Davis |first=Simon |title=Be Strong, Be Gentle, Be Beautiful - Keiko Fukuda |url=http://www.usjf.com/2011/01/be-strong-be-gentle-be-beautiful/ |publisher=United States Judo Federation |access-date=March 12, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110308231204/http://www.usjf.com/2011/01/be-strong-be-gentle-be-beautiful/ |archive-date=March 8, 2011 }}</ref> Fukuda is said to have emphasized technique over formal exercise, sowing the seeds of Kano's emphasis on {{nihongo3|[[randori]]|乱取り|randori|free practice}} in judo.

On Fukuda's death in 1880, Kano, who had become his keenest and most able student in both ''randori'' and ''kata'', was given the {{nihongo3|''densho''|伝書||scrolls}} of the Fukuda dōjō.<ref>Kano (2008) p. 6; Hoare (2009) p. 47</ref> Kano chose to continue his studies at another ''Tenjin Shin'yō-ryū'' school, that of Iso Masatomo ({{circa|1820}}–1881). Iso placed more emphasis on the practice of "kata", and entrusted ''randori'' instruction to assistants, increasingly to Kano.<ref>Kano (2008), pp. 9–10</ref> Iso died in June 1881 and Kano went on to study at the dōjō of Iikubo Tsunetoshi (1835–1889) of {{nihongo3|''[[Kito-ryū|Kitō-ryū]]''|起倒流}}.<ref name=":0">Kano (2008), p. 11</ref> Like Fukuda, Iikubo placed much emphasis on ''randori'', with ''Kitō-ryū'' having a greater focus on {{nihongo3|''nage-waza''|投げ技||throwing techniques}}.<ref>Kano (2005), p. 23</ref>

===Founding of the Kodokan===
[[File:Eishoji.JPG|thumb|''Eisho-ji'' temple, Tokyo]]
In February 1882, Kano founded a school and dōjō at the {{nihongo3|''Eisho-ji''|永昌寺}}, a [[buddhism|Buddhist]] temple in what was then the Shitaya ward of Tokyo (now the Higashi Ueno district of [[Taitō, Tokyo|Taitō]] ward).<ref>Hoare (2009) pp. 52–53. For location of Eisho-ji temple, see:<br />
{{citation |url=http://www.kodokan.org/e_basic/access_eishoji.html |title=Way to Eisho-Ji Temple |work=Kodokan |access-date=March 14, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110311144955/http://www.kodokan.org/e_basic/access_eishoji.html |archive-date=March 11, 2011 }}</ref> Iikubo, Kano's ''Kitō-ryū'' instructor, attended the dōjō three days a week to help teach and, although two years would pass before the temple would be called by the name {{nihongo3|[[Kodokan]]|講道館|Kōdōkan|"place for expounding the way"}}, and Kano had not yet received his {{nihongo3|''Menkyo''|免許||certificate of mastery}} in ''Kitō-ryū'', this is now regarded as the Kodokan founding.

The ''Eisho-ji'' dōjō was originally [[Shoin-zukuri|shoin]]. It was a relatively small affair, consisting of a 12 [[Tatami|jo]]<ref>Jo is the Japanese unit of area.</ref> (214 sq ft) training area. Kano took in resident and non-resident students, the first two being [[Tomita Tsunejirō]] and [[Shiro Saigo]].<ref>Kano (2008) p. 20</ref> In August, the following year, the pair were granted {{nihongo3|[[shodan (rank)|shodan]]|初段||first rank}} grades, the first that had been awarded in any martial art.<ref>Lowry (2006) p. 49</ref>

===Judo versus jujutsu===
{{Main|Kodokan–Totsuka rivalry}}
Central to Kano's vision for judo were the principles of {{nihongo3|''seiryoku zen'yō''|精力善用||maximal efficiency, minimal effort}} and {{nihongo3|''jita kyōei''|自他共栄||mutual welfare and benefit}}. He illustrated the application of ''seiryoku zen'yō'' with the concept of {{nihongo3|''jū yoku gō o seisu''|柔能く剛を制す - 柔能剛制||softness controls hardness}}:
[[File:Judo.svg|right|thumb|upright=0.45|{{nihongo3|"Judo"|柔道|jūdō}}, written in [[kanji]] ]]
{{blockquote|In short, resisting a more powerful opponent will result in your defeat, whilst adjusting to and evading your opponent's attack will cause him to lose his balance, his power will be reduced, and you will defeat him. This can apply whatever the relative values of power, thus making it possible for weaker opponents to beat significantly stronger ones. This is the theory of ''ju yoku go o seisu''.<ref>Kano (2005) pp. 39–40</ref>}}

Kano realised that ''seiryoku zen'yō'', initially conceived as a jujutsu concept, had a wider philosophical application. Coupled with the [[Confucianism|Confucianist]]-influenced ''jita kyōei'', the wider application shaped the development of judo from a {{nihongo3|martial art|武術|bujutsu}} to a {{nihongo3|martial way|武道|budō}}. Kano rejected techniques that did not conform to these principles and emphasized the importance of efficiency in the execution of techniques. He was convinced that practice of jujutsu while conforming to these ideals was a route to self-improvement and the betterment of society in general.<ref>For Kano's opinions on the wider applicability of ''jita kyōei'' to life see for example, Kano (2008) p. 107</ref> He was, however, acutely conscious of the Japanese public's negative perception of jujutsu:

{{blockquote|At the time a few bujitsu (martial arts) experts still existed but bujitsu was almost abandoned by the nation at large. Even if I wanted to teach jujitsu most people had now stopped thinking about it. So I thought it better to teach under a different name principally because my objectives were much wider than jujitsu.<ref>Hoare (2009) p. 56</ref>}}

Kano believed that "''jūjutsu''{{-"}} was insufficient to describe his art: although {{nihongo3|''jutsu''|術}} means "art" or "means", it implies a method consisting of a collection of physical techniques. Accordingly, he changed the second character to {{nihongo3|''dō''|道}}, meaning "way", "road" or "path", which implies a more philosophical context than ''jutsu'' and has a common origin with the Chinese concept of ''[[tao]]''. Thus Kano renamed it {{nihongo3|judo|柔道|Jūdō}}.<ref>"Judo" had been used before then, as in the case of a jujutsu school that called itself {{nihongo3|''Chokushin-ryū Jūdō''|直信流柔道||Sometimes rendered as Jikishin-ryū Jūdō}}, but its use was rare.</ref>