Editing Judith Butler (section)

==Early life and education==
Judith Butler was born on February 24, 1956, in [[Cleveland, Ohio]],<ref name="Duignan 2018"/> to a family of [[Hungarian-Jewish]] and [[Russian-Jewish]] descent.<ref name=2001int>{{cite web | url=http://www.lolapress.org/elec2/artenglish/butl_e.htm | title=Interview with Judith Butler | author=Regina Michalik | work=Lola Press | date=May 2001 | access-date=March 1, 2010 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061219151830/http://www.lolapress.org/elec2/artenglish/butl_e.htm | archive-date=December 19, 2006 | url-status=dead | df=mdy-all }}</ref> Most of their maternal grandmother's family was murdered in the [[The Holocaust|Shoah]].<ref name=taught>{{cite journal|last=Udi|first=Aloni|title=Judith Butler: As a Jew, I was taught it was ethically imperative to speak up|journal=Haaretz|date=24 February 2010|url=http://www.haaretz.com/news/judith-butler-as-a-jew-i-was-taught-it-was-ethically-imperative-to-speak-up-1.266243|access-date=9 October 2013}}</ref> Butler's parents were practicing [[Reform Judaism|Reform Jews]]. Their mother was raised [[Orthodox Judaism|Orthodox]], eventually becoming [[Conservative Judaism|Conservative]] and then Reform, while their father was raised Reform. As a child and teenager, Butler attended both [[Hebrew school]] and special classes on [[Jewish ethics]], where they received their "first training in philosophy". Butler stated in a 2010 interview with ''[[Haaretz]]'' that they began the ethics classes at the age of 14, and that they were created as a form of punishment by Butler's Hebrew school's rabbi because they were "too talkative in class",<ref name=taught/>  and also often even accused of clowning.<ref name="Segal#">{{Cite web |title=Who's Afraid of Judith Butler? |last=Segal |first=Parul |url=https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2024/05/06/judith-butler-profile |date=29 April 2024 |website=newyorker.com |access-date=18 February 2025}}</ref> Butler said they were "thrilled" by the idea of these tutorials. When asked what they wanted to study in these special sessions, Butler responded with three questions preoccupying them at the time: "Why was [[Baruch Spinoza|Spinoza]] [[Baruch Spinoza#Expulsion from the Jewish community|excommunicated]] from the synagogue? Could [[German Idealism]] be held accountable for [[Nazism]]? And how was one to understand [[existential theology]], including the work of [[Martin Buber]]?"<ref name="Segal#" /><ref>{{cite web|title=Judith Butler and Michael Roth: A Conversation at Wesleyan University's Center for Humanities| date=March 2013 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Rf4px4KyqbY|publisher=Wesleyan University}}</ref>

Butler attended [[Bennington College]] before transferring to [[Yale University]], where they studied philosophy and received a Bachelor of Arts in 1978 and a PhD in 1984.<ref name="tanner">{{cite web|url=http://grad.berkeley.edu/tanner/0405.shtml|title=Tanner Lecture on Human Values: 2004–2005 Lecture Series|date=March 2005|work=UC Berkeley|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041211053930/http://grad.berkeley.edu/tanner/0405.shtml|archive-date=2004-12-11|access-date=March 1, 2010}}</ref> Their studies fell primarily under the traditions of [[German idealism|German Idealism]] and [[Phenomenology (philosophy)|phenomenology]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Judith Butler: Hannah Arendt Chair and Professor of Philosophy at The European Graduate School / EGS. Biography |url=https://egs.edu/biography/judith-butler/ |access-date=February 28, 2024 |website=The European Graduate School}}</ref> and they spent one academic year at [[Heidelberg University]] as a [[Fulbright]] Scholar in 1979.<ref>{{cite book|last1=von Redecker|first1=Eva|title=Zur Aktualität von Judith Butler|year=2011|doi=10.1007/978-3-531-93350-4|isbn=978-3-531-16433-5}}</ref> After receiving their PhD, Butler revised their doctoral dissertation to produce their first book, entitled ''[[Subjects of Desire|Subjects of Desire: Hegelian Reflections in Twentieth Century France]]'' (1987).<ref>{{Cite web |last=Duignan |first=Brian |date=February 20, 2024 |title=Judith Butler: American philosopher |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Judith-Butler |access-date=February 28, 2024 |website=Britannica}}</ref> Butler went on to teach at [[Wesleyan University]], [[George Washington University]], and [[Johns Hopkins University]] before joining the faculty of the [[University of California, Berkeley]], in 1993.<ref name="mellon">{{cite web|url=http://berkeley.edu/news/media/releases/2009/03/19_butler.shtml|title=Judith Butler wins Mellon Award|author=Maclay, Kathleen|date=March 19, 2009|publisher=[[UC Berkeley]] News. Media Relations|access-date=March 1, 2010}}</ref> In 2002, they held the Spinoza Chair of Philosophy at the [[University of Amsterdam]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.uva.nl/en/disciplines/philosophy/home/components-centrecolumn/the-spinoza-chair.html|title=The Spinoza Chair – Philosophy – University of Amsterdam|last=Amsterdam|first=Universiteit van|website=Uva.nl|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141128205552/http://www.uva.nl/en/disciplines/philosophy/home/components-centrecolumn/the-spinoza-chair.html|archive-date=2014-11-28|access-date=December 4, 2017}}</ref> In addition, they joined the department of English and Comparative Literature at [[Columbia University]] as Wun Tsun Tam Mellon Visiting Professor of the Humanities in the spring semesters of 2012, 2013 and 2014 with the option of remaining as full-time faculty.<ref name="chronicle">{{cite news|url=http://chronicle.com/blogs/ticker/judith-butler-plans-to-move-from-berkeley-to-columbia-u/28217|title=Judith Butler to Join Columbia U. as a Visiting Professor.|date=November 20, 2010|newspaper=[[Chronicle of Higher Education]]|access-date=February 1, 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101117020532/http://chronicle.com/blogs/ticker/judith-butler-plans-to-move-from-berkeley-to-columbia-u/28217|archive-date=2010-11-17}}</ref><ref name="capital">{{cite web |url=http://www.capitalnewyork.com/article/culture/2010/11/760690/professor-trouble-post-structuralist-star-judith-butler-headed-columb |title=Professor trouble! Post-structuralist star Judith Butler headed to Columbia. |publisher=[[Capital New York]] |author=Woolfe, Zachary |location=New York, New York |date=October 10, 2010 |access-date=February 1, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110113174417/http://www.capitalnewyork.com/article/culture/2010/11/760690/professor-trouble-post-structuralist-star-judith-butler-headed-columb |archive-date=January 13, 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://columbialion.com/blog/two-hours-in-the-shadow-of-judith-butler/ |title=Two hours in the shadow of Judith Butler &#124; the Lion |access-date=2014-09-20 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20140920064137/http://columbialion.com/blog/two-hours-in-the-shadow-of-judith-butler/ |archive-date=September 20, 2014 |df=mdy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://socialdifference.columbia.edu/people/judith-butler|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121221031510/http://socialdifference.columbia.edu/people/judith-butler|url-status=dead|archive-date=December 21, 2012|title=Judith Butler – Center for the Study of Social Difference|date=December 21, 2012}}</ref>

Butler serves on the editorial or advisory board of several academic journals, including ''Janus Unbound: Journal of Critical Studies'',<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://journals.library.mun.ca/ojs/index.php/JU/about/editorialTeam |title=Editorial Team &#124; Janus Unbound: Journal of Critical Studies |website=journals.library.mun.ca |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241105134542/https://journals.library.mun.ca/index.php/JU/about/editorialTeam |archive-date=November 5, 2024 |url-status=live}}</ref> ''JAC: A Journal of Rhetoric, Culture, and Politics'' and ''[[Signs (journal)|Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society]].''<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.jaconlinejournal.com/editorialstaff.html|title=Editorial Board {{!}} Editorial Staff|website=Jaconlinejournal.com|access-date=2017-08-31|archive-date=July 3, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190703221953/http://www.jaconlinejournal.com/editorialstaff.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://signsjournal.org/about-signs/masthead/|title=Masthead|date=2012-08-22|work=Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society|access-date=2017-08-31|language=en-US}}</ref>