Editing Jubilee line (section)

== History ==
{{More citations needed section|date=September 2024}}
=== 1932 to 1939 ===
The first section of what is now the Jubilee line opened in 1932, when the [[Metropolitan Railway]] built a branch from its main line at [[Wembley Park tube station|Wembley Park]] to [[Stanmore tube station|Stanmore]]. The line, as with many others in the northwest London area, was designed for the use of commuters from the new and rapidly expanding suburbs. The line presented the Metropolitan with a problem. The suburban traffic had been so successful that, by the early 1930s, the lines into Baker Street were becoming overloaded, a problem exacerbated by the post-war flight from the [[City of London]] to the [[West End of London]].

At first, the Metropolitan had advocated a new deep tube line roughly following the line of the [[Edgware Road]] between the [[Edgware Road tube station (Circle, District and Hammersmith & City lines)|tube station]] and a point near [[Willesden Green tube station|Willesden Green]]. Indeed, construction advanced as far as the rebuilding of Edgware Road station to accommodate 4 platforms of 8-car length. Things changed, though, with the formation of the [[London Passenger Transport Board]] (LPTB) and the subsequent absorption of the Metropolitan line. The solution was now a new branch of the [[Bakerloo line]] from [[Baker Street tube station|Baker Street]] to serve new stations at [[St John's Wood tube station|St John's Wood]] and [[Swiss Cottage tube station|Swiss Cottage]], thereby rendering the existing stations of [[Lord's tube station|Lord's]], [[Marlborough Road tube station|Marlborough Road]] and [[Swiss Cottage (Metropolitan line) tube station|Swiss Cottage]] on the parallel route redundant, and negating the need for the Met's extension from Edgware Road station. It was originally proposed that the Metropolitan line's Swiss Cottage station would remain open during peak hours for interchange with the Bakerloo, and that Lord's station would open for special cricketing events, but both were closed permanently as economy measures during the [[Second World War]]. 

The new line rose between the Metropolitan line tracks at [[Finchley Road tube station|Finchley Road]], providing [[cross-platform interchange]] with the Metropolitan line. Continuing north to Wembley Park, the new Bakerloo line branch was to provide local service on the Metropolitan line, where Metropolitan line trains ran non-stop between Finchley Road and Wembley Park, cutting seven minutes from journey times. At Wembley Park, the new Bakerloo would turn north to serve Kingsbury, Queensbury, Canons Park and Stanmore, taking over the former Metropolitan branch. The Bakerloo extension, built as above, opened in 1939.

=== 1939 to 1979, the Fleet line ===
{{Fleet Line RDT}}
The planning for the Tube network immediately before and after [[World War II]] considered several new routes. The main results of this study concerned two major routes: the south-to-northeast "line C", and lines 3 and 4, new cross-town routes, linking the northwest suburbs to [[Fenchurch Street railway station|Fenchurch Street]], [[Wapping railway station|Wapping]] and variously [[Lewisham station|Lewisham]] and [[Hayes railway station|Hayes]]. Line C opened as the [[Victoria line]], in stages, from 1968 to 1972. Work on the northwest–southeast route continued.

The "Fleet line" was mentioned in a 1965 ''[[The Times|Times]]'' article, discussing options after the Victoria line had been completed – suggesting that the Fleet line could take a route via Baker Street, Bond Street, Trafalgar Square, Strand, Fleet Street, Ludgate Circus and Cannon Street, then proceeding into southeast London.<ref >{{cite news |title= More Tube Lines Discussed : Easing Travel Load |work=The Times |date=27 April 1965  |location=London |page=7|id={{Gale|CS118581403 }}}}</ref> The new line was to have been called the Fleet line,<ref>{{Cite book |last=Willis |first=Jon |title=Extending the Jubilee Line: The planning story |publisher=London Transport |year=1999 |oclc=637966374}}</ref> partly because it ran along Fleet Street, which itself is named after the [[River Fleet]] (although it would only have crossed under the Fleet at Ludgate Circus; the central London section mostly follows the [[Tyburn (stream)|Tyburn]]).

In 1971, construction began on the new Fleet line. Economic pressure and doubt over the final destination of the line had led to a staged approach. In the first stage, the Baker Street to Stanmore branch of the Bakerloo line was joined at Baker Street to a new {{convert|2.5|mi|0|adj=on}} segment into central London, with intermediate stops at Bond Street and Green Park and terminating at a new station at [[Charing Cross tube station|Charing Cross]], thereby relieving pressure on the West End section of the Bakerloo line between Baker Street and Charing Cross and also allowing increased frequencies on the section north of Baker Street. The new tube was to offer cross-platform interchange between the Bakerloo and Fleet at Baker Street, as pioneered on the Victoria line. The work was completed in 1979. As part of the works, Trafalgar Square (Bakerloo) and Strand (Northern) stations were combined into a single station complex, Charing Cross. The existing Charing Cross tube station was renamed [[Embankment tube station|Embankment]].

[[File:1983 Stock at Kilburn tube station in 1988.jpg|thumb|left|1983 Stock train to Stanmore at [[Kilburn tube station|Kilburn]] in 1988]]

Another part of the works included a section of test tunnel, built near [[New Cross]]. This part of London has waterlogged soil that is difficult to tunnel in, so a new tunnelling method, called the [[bentonite]] shield, was used experimentally in 1972 to construct a {{Cvt|150|m}} section of tunnel on the line of the proposed Phase 2 route.<ref name="BE">{{cite book |last1=Badsey-Ellis |first1=Antony |title=Building London's Underground: From Cut-and-Cover to Crossrail |date=2016 |publisher=Capital Transport Publishing |isbn=978-1-85414-397-6 |pages=299–301}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |title=The Jubilee Line |last=Horne |first=Mike |publisher=Capital Transport |year=2000 |isbn=978-1-85414-220-7 |page=37}}</ref> The experiment was successful, leading to the introduction of this method of construction elsewhere,<ref name="BE" /> but when the planned route was altered, this {{convert|180|m|ft|adj=on}} section was left abandoned.<ref>{{cite book|title=Jubilee Line Extension : From Concept to Completion|first=Bob|last=Mitchell|publisher=Thomas Telford|page=3|year=2003|isbn=978-0-727-73028-2}}</ref>

In 1975, when plans were under way to introduce the [[London Transport Executive (GLC)|London Transport]] [[AEC Routemaster#Colour schemes|Silver Jubilee Bus]] fleet, the then Sales Manager of London Transport Advertising, Geoffrey Holliman, proposed to the Chairman of LTE, [[Kenneth Robinson (British politician)|Kenneth Robinson]], that the Fleet line should be renamed the Jubilee line.{{cn|date=November 2024}} However, this idea was initially rejected because of the additional costs involved. Nevertheless, the name was ultimately chosen for the line after [[Elizabeth II|Queen Elizabeth II's]] 1977 [[Silver Jubilee of Elizabeth II|Silver Jubilee]] following a pledge made by the Conservatives in the [[1977 Greater London Council election|Greater London Council election of 1977]]. The original choice of [[battleship grey]] for the line's colour was based on the naval meaning of the word ''fleet'';{{cn|date=November 2024}} this became a lighter grey, representing the [[silver colour]] of the Jubilee itself.

The line was officially opened by the [[Charles III|Prince of Wales]] (now King Charles III) on 30 April 1979, with passenger services operating from 1 May 1979.<ref name=CULG>{{cite web |url=http://www.davros.org/rail/culg/jubilee.html#dates |title=Jubilee Line, Dates |publisher=Clive's Underground Line Guides |access-date=12 February 2008}}</ref><ref name=rose>{{Cite book |last=Rose |first=Douglas |title=The London Underground, A Diagrammatic History |year=1999 |publisher=Douglas Rose/Capital Transport |location=London |isbn=978-1-85414-219-1}}</ref>

=== Proposed extensions ===
The Jubilee line of 1979 was to be the first of four phases of the project, but lack of funds meant that no further progress was made until the late 1990s.

* Phase 2 would have extended the line along [[Fleet Street]] to stations at [[Aldwych tube station|Aldwych]], [[Ludgate Circus]], [[Cannon Street station|Cannon Street]] and Fenchurch Street. Parliamentary approval for this phase was granted on 27 July 1971.<ref name=Horne_36>{{cite book | first=Mike |last=Horne |title=The Jubilee Line |year=2000 |publisher=Capital Transport |isbn=978-1-85414-220-7 |page=36}}</ref>
* Phase 3 would have seen the line continue under the river to Surrey Docks (now [[Surrey Quays]]) station on the [[Windrush line]], taking over both of the ELL's branches to {{rws|New Cross Gate}} and {{rws|New Cross}} stations, with an extension to Lewisham. Parliamentary approval for this phase as far as New Cross was granted on 5 August 1971 and the final section to Lewisham was granted approval on 9 August 1972.<ref name=Horne_36/>
* In 1973, an alternative plan for Phase 3 was devised to provide transport connections to the London Docklands area then being considered for regeneration as it was expected that the docks would be closed by the late 1980s. Initially proposed as a mainline service but later developed as a tube line extension for the Jubilee line, the new plan was developed over the next few years to a final form that considered extending the line parallel to the River Thames known informally as the 'River line'. This would have taken the line from Fenchurch Street to [[Thamesmead]] via [[St Katharine Docks tube station|St Katharine Docks]], [[Wapping railway station|Wapping]], [[Surrey Docks North tube station|Surrey Docks North]], [[Millwall tube station|Millwall]] (near the later location of [[South Quay DLR station]]), [[North Greenwich tube station|North Greenwich]], [[Custom House for ExCeL DLR station|Custom House]], [[Silvertown railway station|Silvertown]], [[Woolwich Arsenal station|Woolwich Arsenal]], and then to Thamesmead Central. The depot would have been at [[Beckton tube station|Beckton]], roughly on the site of the current Docklands Light Railway depot, and a shuttle service between there and Custom House was considered. Parliamentary approval for the route as far as Woolwich Arsenal including the Beckton branch was granted on 1 August 1980.<ref name=Horne_50>{{cite book | first=Mike |last=Horne |title=The Jubilee Line |year=2000 |publisher=Capital Transport |isbn=978-1-85414-220-7 |pages=50–52}}</ref>
* Phase 4 was the possible continuation of the original Phase 3 Lewisham branch to take over suburban services on the [[Addiscombe Line|Addiscombe]] and [[Hayes Line|Hayes]] branches.

=== Millennium extension ===
{{main|Jubilee Line Extension}}

Changes in land use, particularly the [[urban renewal]] of the [[London Docklands|Docklands]] area, resulted in the project to extend the line beyond Charing Cross being changed considerably in the 1970s, 1980s and 1990s. The [[Jubilee Line Extension]], as the eventual project became known, opened in three stages in 1999.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |date=14 May 1999 |title=Prescott launches Dome tube link |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/343506.stm |access-date=2023-03-24 |website=[[BBC News]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=20 November 1999 |title=Jubilee Line finally opens |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/529006.stm |access-date=2023-03-24 |website=[[BBC News]]}}</ref> It split from the existing line at [[Green Park tube station|Green Park]]; the service to Charing Cross was discontinued (though still maintained for reversing trains at times of disruption, and for occasional use as a film set). The line extends as far as [[Stratford, London|Stratford]], with ten intermediate stations. 

The new stations were designed to be "[[future-proof]]", with wide passageways, large numbers of escalators and lifts, and emergency exits. The stations were the first on the Underground to have [[Platform edge door|platform edge doors]], and were built to have step-free access throughout.<ref name=":02">{{cite book |last=Glover |first=John |title=London's Underground |publisher=Ian Allan Publishing Ltd |year=2010 |isbn=978-0-7110-3429-7 |edition=11th |location=Hersham |pages=127–131}}</ref> The project was the single largest addition to the Underground in 25 years.<ref name=":4">{{Cite book |author=Bennett, David |title=Architecture of the Jubilee Line Extension |date=2004 |publisher=Thomas Telford |isbn=0727730886 |location=London |oclc=51870430}}</ref>

There have been other proposals to extend the line to serve the docks.<ref name=":3">{{cite web |url=http://www.lddc-history.org.uk/transport/tranmon3.html#6 |publisher=London Docklands Development Corporation |title=Starting from scratch: The development of transport in London Docklands |year=1997 |access-date=1 August 2008 |archive-date=31 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170331164513/http://www.lddc-history.org.uk/transport/tranmon3.html#6 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

=== 24-hour weekend service ===
In mid-2014, TfL announced plans for a new [[Night Tube]] service, to include the entire Jubilee line. This would be an overnight service on Friday and Saturday nights.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tfl.gov.uk/campaign/the-future-of-the-tube#on-this-page-1|title=The future of the Tube – Transport for London – Night Tube|publisher=[[Transport for London]]|access-date=9 October 2014|url-status=dead|archive-date=23 August 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150823184903/https://tfl.gov.uk/campaign/the-future-of-the-tube#on-this-page-1|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Its introduction was postponed because of a dispute between TfL and the three rail unions.<ref>{{cite web |title=Tube strike begins across London Underground network |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-london-33440369 |website=BBC News |access-date=21 October 2024 |date=8 July 2015}}</ref> The service eventually started on 7 October 2016.<ref>{{cite web |title=Night Tube: Jubilee Line service to begin and Northern Line gets start date |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-london-37577920 |website=BBC News |access-date=21 October 2024 |date=6 October 2016}}</ref>

The entire Night Tube network was suspended in March 2020 because of the [[COVID-19 pandemic]], with the Jubilee line service being restored in May 2022.<ref>{{cite web |title=Jubilee line Night Tube to return this month |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-london-61438357 |website=BBC News |access-date=21 October 2024 |date=13 May 2022}}</ref>