Editing Juba II (section)

==Life==
===Early life and education===
Juba II was a [[Berbers|Berber]] prince from [[Numidia]]. He was the only child and heir of King [[Juba I of Numidia]]; his mother's identity is unknown, though Juba II claimed to be a descendant of General [[Hannibal]] (Scol. Lucan, Pharsalia 8.287). In 46 BC, his father was defeated by [[Julius Caesar]] (in [[Battle of Thapsus|Thapsus]], North Africa), and in 40 BC Numidia became a Roman province.<ref name=Roller /> His father had been an ally of the Roman General [[Pompey]].

Several modern scholars cite his age at Caesar's triumph in 46 BC as four or six giving rises to the typically cited birth year range of 52–50 BC, which his biographer, Duane Roller, believes is incorrect. Roller instead places his birth in early 48 BC because the Greek term ''brephos'' was used for him which means infant. The word for a child of age 4 to 6 is ''pais'' which was not used for him in the ancient sources. Therefore, Roller places his age in the triumph at anywhere from 2 months to 2 years, which actually indicates a birth year range between 48 and 46 BC.<ref name=Roller59>Roller, Duane W. (2003) ''The World of Juba II and Kleopatra Selene'', Routledge UK, p. 59. {{ISBN|0-415-30596-9}}.</ref>

Juba II was brought to [[Rome]] by Julius Caesar and he took part in Caesar's triumphal procession.<ref>{{cite Plutarch|Caesar|55}}</ref> In Rome he learned the [[Latin]] and [[Greek language|Greek]], became [[Romanization (cultural)|romanized]] and was granted Roman citizenship.<ref name=Roller /> Through dedication to his studies, he is said to have become one of Rome's best educated citizens, and by age 20 he wrote one of his first works entitled ''Roman Archaeology''.<ref name=Roller /> 

He was raised by Julius Caesar and later by his great-nephew Octavian (future Emperor [[Augustus]]). While growing up, Juba II accompanied Octavian on military campaigns, gaining valuable experience as a leader. He fought alongside Octavian in the [[Battle of Actium]] in 31 BC.

===Restoration to the Numidian throne===

In 30 BC, Octavian restored Juba II as king of [[Numidia]].<ref name="MelaRomer1998">{{cite book|author1=Pomponius Mela|author2=Frank E. Romer|title=Pomponius Mela's Description of the World|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6AplSod8IDcC&pg=PA43|year=1998|publisher=University of Michigan Press|isbn=0-472-08452-6|page=43}}</ref><ref name="Gagarin2010">{{cite book|author=Michael Gagarin|title=The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Greece and Rome|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lNV6-HsUppsC&pg=RA4-PA80|year=2010|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-517072-6|page=80}}</ref> Juba II established Numidia as an ally of Rome. Probably as a result of his services to Augustus in a campaign in Hispania, between 27 BC and 25 BC, the Emperor made the final decision to give him his kingship of Mauretania.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Roller |first=Duane W. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1eaBAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA74 |pages=73–74 |title=The World of Juba II and Kleopatra Selene: Royal Scholarship on Rome's African Frontier |date=2004-02-24 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-134-40296-0 |language=en}}</ref> His kingdom replaced the province of Africa Nova which included territories of both Eastern Numidia and Western Numidia. This kingdom of Numidia (except the territory of Western Numidia) was in 25 BC directly annexed to the [[Roman Empire]] as the part of the [[Roman province]] of [[Africa (Roman province)|Africa Proconsularis]] and Juba II received [[Mauretania]] as his kingdom, enlarged by territory of Western Numidia.<ref name="MelaRomer1998" /> The marriage of Juba II and [[Cleopatra Selene II]] likely took place in 25 BC, when Cleopatra Selene was of proper age and Juba II was sent to rule Mauretania.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Roller |first=Duane W. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1eaBAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA86 |page=86 |title=The World of Juba II and Kleopatra Selene: Royal Scholarship on Rome's African Frontier |date=2004-02-24 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-134-40296-0 |language=en}}</ref>

===Reign in Mauretania===

According to [[Strabo]], upon the death of the Mauretanian king [[Bocchus II]], who was an ally of the Romans, his kingdom was briefly governed directly by Rome (33 BC - 25 BC), then in 25 BC Juba II received it from [[Augustus]].<ref>Strabo's ''Geography'' ([https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0239%3Abook%3D17%3Achapter%3D3#note-link15 Strab. 17.3])</ref>  When Juba II and Cleopatra Selene moved to [[Mauretania]], they named their new capital ''Caesaria'' (modern [[Cherchell]], [[Algeria]]), in honour of Augustus.  The construction and sculpture projects at Caesaria and another city, [[Volubilis]], display a rich mixture of [[Ancient Egypt|Egyptian]], [[Greek language |Greek]] and [[Ancient Rome|Roman]] architectural styles.

[[File:Mausolée_Royale_de_Maurétanie_-_الضريح_الملكي_الموريطاني.jpg|thumb| The tomb of Juba II and his wife in [[Tipaza]], [[Algeria]]]]
Cleopatra is said to have exerted considerable influence on Juba II's policies. Juba II encouraged and supported the performing arts, research of the sciences and research of natural history. Juba II also supported Mauretanian trade. The Kingdom of Mauretania was of great importance to the Roman Empire. Mauretania engaged in trade all across the Mediterranean, particularly with [[Spain]] and [[Italy]]. Mauretania exported [[fish]], [[grape]]s, pearls, figs, grain, wooden furniture and purple dye harvested from certain shellfish, which was used in the manufacture of purple stripes for senatorial robes.  Juba II sent a contingent to [[Iles Purpuraires]] to re-establish the ancient Phoenician dye manufacturing process.<ref>C. Michael Hogan, ‘[http://www.megalithic.co.uk/article.php?sid=17926. Mogador: Promontory Fort]’, ''The Megalithic Portal'', ed Andy Burnham, November 2, 2007.</ref> Tingis (modern [[Tangier]]), a town at the Pillars of Hercules (modern [[Strait of Gibraltar]]) became a major trade centre. In Gades, (modern [[Cádiz]]) and Carthago Nova (modern [[Cartagena, Spain |Cartagena]]) in [[Spain]], Juba II was appointed by Augustus as an honorary [[Duumviri|Duovir]] (a chief magistrate of a Roman colony or town).<ref>{{Cite web|title= Juba II | work = Collections Online |url= https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/term/BIOG93490 |access-date= 2020-09-28| publisher = British museum}}</ref>

The value and quality of the Mauretanian coinage became highly regarded. The Greek [[historian]] [[Plutarch]] describes him as 'one of the most gifted rulers of his time'. Between 2 BC and AD 2, he travelled with [[Gaius Caesar]] (a grandson of Augustus), as an advisor to the Eastern Mediterranean. In AD 21, Juba II made his son Ptolemy his co-ruler.  

Juba II died in AD 23. Juba II was buried alongside his first wife in the [[Royal Mausoleum of Mauretania]]. Ptolemy then became the sole ruler of Mauretania.<ref>{{Cite web|last=King|first=Arienne|date=2020-09-01|title=Juba II|url= https://www.worldhistory.org/Juba_II/|access-date=2020-09-28 |website= [[World History Encyclopedia]]}}</ref>