Editing Juan Fernández Islands (section)

==Geography==
[[File:Vortex-street-1.jpg|thumb|left|upright=0.7|alt=A satellite image of a pattern of clouds forming from a disturbance at the lower left causing a series of swirling cloud vortexes that gradually dissipates as they move to the upper right |[[Landsat 7]] image of the Juan Fernández Islands on 15 September 1999, shows the unique pattern of clouds known as "[[Kármán vortex street]]" caused by the interaction of winds with the islands' mountains]]

* [[Robinson Crusoe Island]] ({{coord|33|38|00|S|78|51|00|W|}}), also known as Isla Más a Tierra, is located closest to the [[mainland]] of continental South America, and is surrounded by a number of islets, including Juanango, Viñilla, Los Chamelos, Los Claveles and El Verdugo.
** [[Santa Clara Island|Santa Clara]] ({{coord|33|42|07|S|79|00|05|W|}}), lying {{convert|1|km|mi nmi|1|abbr=on}} southwest of Robinson Crusoe.
* [[Alejandro Selkirk Island]] ({{coord|33|46|00|S|80|47|00|W|}}), also known as Isla Más Afuera, is located {{convert|180|km|mi nmi|0|abbr=on}} farther west.

Alejandro Selkirk is the largest of the Juan Fernández Islands at {{convert|49.5|km²|1|abbr=on}}, and its highest peak, [[Cerro de Los Inocentes]], is also the highest point of the archipelago at {{convert|1,268|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}. The island's population was 57 in 2012. Robinson Crusoe is the second-largest island in the [[archipelago]] at {{convert|47.9|km²|0|abbr=on}}; its highest peak, El Yunque, is {{convert|915|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}. The population of Robinson Crusoe was 843 in 2012. Santa Clara is {{convert|2.2|km²|1|abbr=on}} in area and reaches a height of {{convert|375|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}. Santa Clara is uninhabited.<ref>{{cite book |author1=Santibáñez, H. T.  |author2=Cerda, M. T. |title=Los parques nacionales de Chile: una guía para el visitante |year=2004 |publisher=Editorial Universitaria |location=Santiago de Chile |isbn=978-956-11-1701-3|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=83iezgMwh3EC}}</ref> The maximum elevations of Juan Fernández, {{convert|915|m|ft|abbr=on}} for Robinson Crusoe and {{convert|1,329|m|ft|abbr=on}} for Alejandro Selkirk, respectively, are high enough to cause the phenomenon known as [[Kármán vortex street]], which can be seen from space.

The islands are [[volcano|volcanic]] in origin, produced by the movement of the [[Nazca Plate]] over the [[Juan Fernández hotspot]]. As the plate moved eastward over the hot spot, volcanic eruptions formed the [[Juan Fernández Ridge]] before being subducted under the South American continent at the [[Peru–Chile Trench]]. The islands occur where the peaks of the submarine ridge have protruded above sea level. [[Radiometric dating]] indicates that Santa Clara is the oldest of the islands, at 5.8 million years old, followed by Robinson Crusoe, 3.8&nbsp;– 4.2 million years old, and Alexander Selkirk, 1.0&nbsp;– 2.4 million years old.

The [[Sea bed|seafloor]] around Juan Fernández Islands is rich in [[Ferromanganese nodules|Manganese–Iron nodules]], which might be of potential [[seafloor mining|economic interest]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=García |first1=Marcelo |last2=Correa |first2=Jorge |last3=Maksaev |first3=Víctor |last4=Townley |first4=Brian |title=Potential mineral resources of the Chilean offshore: an overview |journal=Andean Geology |date=31 January 2020 |volume=47 |issue=1 |pages=1–13 |doi=10.5027/andgeoV47n1-3260 |s2cid=211550478 |url=http://www.scielo.cl/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0718-71062020000100001 }}</ref>

Some consider the islands to be one of the easternmost points of [[Oceania]], rather than an outlying region of [[South America]].<ref name="ausgov">{{cite book |last1=Thomson |first1=Lex |last2=Doran |first2=John |last3=Clarke |first3=Bronwyn |title=Trees for life in Oceania: Conservation and utilisation of genetic diversity |date=2018 |publisher=Australian Center for International Agricultural Research |location=Canberra, Australia |url=https://www.aciar.gov.au/sites/default/files/mn201_trees_for_life_-_final_artwork_-_15052018_web_upload_version.pdf |pages=16 |access-date=24 January 2022 |quote=In a number of cases, human exploitation of certain high-value tree species, including sandalwoods and other highly prized timbers, has led to their extinction—such as the sandalwood species ''Santalum fernandezianum'', in Juan Fernández Islands; and others to the brink of extinction, such ''S. boninensis'' in Ogasawara Islands, Japan; or is an ongoing threatening factor in the examples of ''S. yasi'' in Fiji and Tonga, ''Gyrinops spp''. in Papua New Guinea (PNG) and ''Intsia bijuga'' throughout the Pacific Islands.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Dahl |first1=Arthur L. |title=Review of the protected areas system in Oceania |date=1986 |publisher=The Union |isbn=978-2-88032-509-1 |url=https://wedocs.unep.org/20.500.11822/30152 }}{{page needed|date=January 2022}}</ref> In their book ''Shore Fishes of Easter Island'', authors John E. Randall and Alfredo Cea Egana claim that the Juan Fernández Islands have "great similarity in ichthyofauna with Oceania more so than with the nearing South America."<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Pequeño |first1=Germán |title=Shore Fishes of Easter Island, John E. Randall & Alfredo Cea Egaña |journal=Gayana |date=2011 |volume=75 |issue=2 |pages=201–202 |id={{ProQuest|920291064}} |doi=10.4067/S0717-65382011000200011 |doi-access=free }}</ref>