Editing Johnston Atoll (section)

==Geography==
[[File:Midway.jpg|thumb|left|Johnston Atoll is located between the Marshall Islands and the Hawaiian Islands.]]


Johnston Atoll is a {{convert|1300|ha|adj=mid}} atoll in the [[North Pacific Ocean]], located about {{convert|750|nmi|lk=on}} southwest of the island of [[Hawaii (island)|Hawaiʻi]], and is grouped as one of the [[United States Minor Outlying Islands]].<ref name="factbook">{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/united-states-pacific-island-wildlife-refuges/ |title=United States Pacific Island Wildlife Refuges |access-date=September 17, 2014 |archive-date=April 8, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220408014336/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/united-states-pacific-island-wildlife-refuges/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The atoll, which is located on a [[coral reef]] platform, has four islands. Johnston Island and Sand Island are both enlarged natural features, while ''Akau'' (North) and ''Hikina'' (East) are two [[artificial island]]s formed by coral [[dredging]].<ref name="factbook"/> By 1964, dredge and fill operations had increased the size of Johnston Island to {{convert|596|acre|abbr=on}} from its original {{convert|46|acre|abbr=on}}, increased the size of Sand Island from {{convert|10|to|22|acre|abbr=on}}, and added the two new islands, North and East, of {{convert|25|and|18|acre|abbr=on}} respectively.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://fws.gov/refuge/johnston-atoll/about-us |title=Johnston Atoll, About the Refuge |publisher=Fish and Wildlife Service |access-date=July 4, 2022 |archive-date=July 12, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220712084247/https://www.fws.gov/refuge/johnston-atoll/about-us |url-status=live }}</ref>
[[File:Growth of Johnston Island.svg|thumb|Johnston Island has been significantly increased in size through coral dredging.]]
The four islands compose a total land area of {{convert|2.67|km2|abbr=off|sp=us}}.<ref name="factbook"/> Due to the atoll's tilt, much of the reef on the southeast portion has subsided. But even though it does not have an encircling reef crest, the reef crest on the northwest portion of the atoll does provide for a shallow [[lagoon]], with depths ranging from {{convert|3|to|10|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}.

The climate is tropical but generally dry. Northeast [[trade winds]] are consistent. There is little seasonal temperature variation.<ref name="factbook"/> With elevation ranging from sea level to {{convert|5|m|ft|abbr=on}} at Summit Peak, the islands contain some low-growing vegetation and palm trees on mostly flat terrain, and no natural freshwater resources.<ref name="factbook"/>

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: right;"
|+Areas ([[hectare|ha]])
! Island !! 1942 !! 1964 (final)
|-
| Johnston Island || 19 || 241
|-
| Sand Island || 4 || 9
|-
| North (''Akau'') Island || data-sort-value="0" | N/A || 10
|-
| East (''Hikina'') Island || data-sort-value="0" | N/A || 7
|- class="sortbottom" style="font-weight: bold;"
| Total land area || 23 || 267
|- class="sortbottom" style="background: #CFF;"
| Johnston Atoll || 13,000 || 13,000
|}