Editing Johns Hopkins University (section)

==History==
===Philanthropic beginnings and foundation===
{{Further|Humboldtian model of higher education|Johns Hopkins}}
[[File:Hopkinsp.jpg|thumb|left|170px|[[Johns Hopkins]], the university's namesake whose philanthropic gift in 1873 established the university, [[Johns Hopkins Hospital]], and the [[Johns Hopkins School of Medicine]]]]
[[File:Heidelberg Universitätsbibliothek 2003 b.jpg|thumb|The university model of [[Heidelberg University]] in [[Heidelberg]], Germany was replicated in the founding of Johns Hopkins University]]
On his death in 1873, [[Johns Hopkins]], a [[Quakers|Quaker]] entrepreneur and childless bachelor, bequeathed $7&nbsp;million (equivalent to ${{formatprice|{{Inflation|US-GDP|7000000|1873}}}} in {{inflation/year|US-GDP}}){{inflation/fn|US-GDP}} to fund a hospital and university in [[Baltimore]].<ref name="HC">{{cite web|url = http://web.jhu.edu/administration/communications/documents/johnshopkinsfactbook.pdf|title = The Homewood Campus: Its Buildings, Monuments and Sculpture|date = 2010|access-date = March 2, 2015|url-status=live|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150226004827/http://web.jhu.edu/administration/communications/documents/johnshopkinsfactbook.pdf|archive-date = February 26, 2015}}</ref>

At the time, this donation, generated primarily from the [[Baltimore and Ohio Railroad]],<ref name="Who Was Johns Hopkins?"/> was the largest philanthropic gift in the history of the United States,<ref name="Facts at a Glance"/> and endowment was then the largest in America.<ref name="racial_record"/><!-- from the paywalled article: In 1873 the Harvard University endowment was $2.5 million. Princeton University then had an endowment of $470,000. --> Until 2020, Hopkins was assumed to be a fervent [[abolitionism|abolitionist]], until research done by the school into his [[United States Census]] records revealed he claimed to own at least five household slaves in the 1840 and 1850 decennial censuses.<ref>{{cite web|date=December 9, 2020|title=Reexamining the history of our founder|url=https://president.jhu.edu/meet-president-daniels/speeches-articles-and-media/reexamining-the-history-of-our-founder/|access-date=2020-12-14|website=Office of the President - JHU|archive-date=March 24, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210324133832/https://president.jhu.edu/meet-president-daniels/speeches-articles-and-media/reexamining-the-history-of-our-founder/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Schuessler |first1=Jennifer |title=Johns Hopkins Reveals That Its Founder Owned Slaves |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/12/09/arts/johns-hopkins-slavery-abolitionist.html |access-date=14 December 2020 |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=9 December 2020 |archive-date=December 14, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201214150948/https://www.nytimes.com/2020/12/09/arts/johns-hopkins-slavery-abolitionist.html |url-status=live}}</ref>

The first name of philanthropist Johns Hopkins comes from the surname of his great-grandmother, Margaret Johns, who married Gerard Hopkins.<ref name="Who Was Johns Hopkins?"/> They named their son Johns Hopkins, who named his own son Samuel Hopkins. Samuel named one of his sons for his father, and that son became the university's benefactor. [[Milton Eisenhower]], a former university president, once spoke at a convention in [[Pittsburgh]] where the [[master of ceremonies]] introduced him as "President of ''John'' Hopkins". Eisenhower retorted that he was "glad to be here in ''Pitt''burgh".<ref name="Cheesecake on the Tart Side" />

The original board opted for an entirely novel university model dedicated to the discovery of knowledge at an advanced level, extending that of contemporary Germany.<ref name=muller/> Building on the [[Humboldtian model of higher education]], the [[Germany|German]] education model of [[Wilhelm von Humboldt]], it became dedicated to research. It was especially [[Heidelberg University]] and its long academic research history on which the new institution tried to model itself.<ref name=muller>{{cite book|title=A Spirit of Reason – Festschrift for Steven Muller|last=Janes|first=Jackson|year=2004|publisher=American Institute for Contemporary German Studies|location=[[Washington, D.C.]]|isbn=978-0-941441-88-9|oclc=179735617|page=15|url=http://www.aicgs.org/site/wp-content/uploads/2011/11/muller.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131213183552/http://www.aicgs.org/site/wp-content/uploads/2011/11/muller.pdf|archive-date=December 13, 2013}}</ref>{{failed verification|date=March 2020}} Johns Hopkins thereby became the model of the modern research university in the United States. Its success eventually shifted higher education in the United States from a focus on teaching revealed and/or applied knowledge to the scientific discovery of new knowledge.<ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.encyclopedia.com/topic/Johns_Hopkins_University.aspx|title = Johns Hopkins University|date = 2003|access-date = March 2, 2015|website = Encyclopedia.com|last = Sander|first = Kathleen Waters|url-status=live|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150402172320/http://www.encyclopedia.com/topic/Johns_Hopkins_University.aspx|archive-date = April 2, 2015}}</ref> {{EB1911 poster|Johns Hopkins University|the Early History}}

===19th century===
{{Further|Daniel Coit Gilman|Johns Hopkins Hospital|Johns Hopkins School of Medicine|Johns Hopkins University Press}}
[[File:Daniel Coit Gilman1.jpg|thumb|[[Daniel Coit Gilman]], the first president of Johns Hopkins University]]
[[File:Hopkins Hall, 1885.jpg|thumb|Hopkins Hall on the original [[Downtown Baltimore]] campus, {{Circa|1885}}]]
[[File:Johns Hopkins Hospital, early photo.jpg|thumb|[[Johns Hopkins Hospital]], {{c.|1880s–1890s}}]]
The trustees worked alongside four notable university presidents, [[Charles William Eliot]] of [[Harvard University]], [[Andrew Dickson White|Andrew D. White]] of [[Cornell University]], [[Noah Porter]] of [[Yale College]], and [[James Burrill Angell|James B. Angell]] of [[University of Michigan]]. They each supported [[Daniel Coit Gilman]] to lead the new university and he became the university's first president.<ref name="PH">{{Cite book|title = Pioneer: A History of the Johns Hopkins University, 1874–1889|last = Hawkins|first = Hugh|publisher = Cornell University Press|year = 1960 |oclc = 876490592|location = Ithaca, NY|page = 15|isbn = 978-0-8108-5818-3}}</ref> Gilman, a [[Yale University|Yale]]-educated scholar, had been serving as president of the [[University of California, Berkeley]] prior to this appointment.<ref name="PH" /> In preparation for the university's founding, [[Daniel Coit Gilman]] visited [[University of Freiburg]] and other German universities.

Gilman launched what many at the time considered an audacious and unprecedented academic experiment to merge teaching and research. He dismissed the idea that the two were mutually exclusive: "The best teachers are usually those who are free, competent and willing to make original researches in the library and the laboratory," he stated.<ref>{{cite web|url = http://krieger.jhu.edu/about/mission/|title = School History and Mission|access-date = March 4, 2015|website = Johns Hopkins Krieger School of Arts and Sciences|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150424024857/http://krieger.jhu.edu/about/mission/|archive-date = April 24, 2015}}</ref> To implement his plan, Gilman recruited internationally known researchers including the mathematician [[James Joseph Sylvester]]; the biologist [[H. Newell Martin]]; the physicist [[Henry Augustus Rowland]], the first president of the [[American Physical Society]], the [[classical scholars]] [[Basil Gildersleeve]], and Charles D. Morris;<ref name="university"/> the economist [[Richard T. Ely]]; and the chemist [[Ira Remsen]], who became the second president of the university in 1901.<ref>{{cite web|url = http://pages.jh.edu/gazette/2000/sep1100/11remsen.html|title = Ira Remsen: The Chemistry Was Right|access-date = March 4, 2015|website = The Johns Hopkins Gazette Online|last = Stimpert|first = James|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150317084254/http://pages.jh.edu/gazette/2000/sep1100/11remsen.html|archive-date = March 17, 2015}}</ref>

Gilman focused on the expansion of graduate education and support of faculty research. The new university fused advanced scholarship with such professional schools as medicine and engineering. Hopkins became the national trendsetter in [[PhD|doctoral]] programs and the host for numerous scholarly journals and associations.<ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.socialwelfarehistory.com/people/gilman-daniel-coit/|title = Gilman, Daniel Coit|access-date = March 4, 2015|website = The Social Welfare History Project| date=January 20, 2011 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150402095457/http://www.socialwelfarehistory.com/people/gilman-daniel-coit/|archive-date = April 2, 2015}}</ref> The [[Johns Hopkins University Press]], founded in 1878, is the oldest American [[university press]] in continuous operation.<ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.aaupnet.org/about-aaup/about-university-presses/history-of-university-presses|title = History of University Presses|access-date = March 4, 2015|website = AAUP|last = Givler|first = Peter|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150313212628/http://www.aaupnet.org/about-aaup/about-university-presses/history-of-university-presses|archive-date = March 13, 2015}}</ref>

With the completion of [[Johns Hopkins Hospital]] in 1889 and the [[Johns Hopkins School of Medicine|medical school]] in 1893, the university's research-focused mode of instruction soon began attracting world-renowned faculty members who would become major figures in the emerging field of academic medicine, including [[William Osler]], [[William Halsted]], [[Howard Atwood Kelly|Howard Kelly]], and [[William H. Welch|William Welch]].<ref>{{cite news|url = http://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/about/history/history5.html|title = The Four Founding Physicians|access-date = March 4, 2015|website = Hopkins Medicine|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150310220741/http://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/about/history/history5.html|archive-date = March 10, 2015 |last1=Molnar |first1=Heather}}</ref> During this period the university further made history by becoming the first medical school to admit women on an equal basis with men and to require a [[Bachelor's degree]], based on the efforts of [[Mary Garrett|Mary E. Garrett]], who had endowed the school at Gilman's request.<ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.medicalarchives.jhmi.edu/garrett/biography.htm#suffrage|title = A Biological Sketch of Mary Elizabeth Garrett|access-date = March 4, 2015|website = JHMI Medical Archives|publisher = The Alan Masan Chesney Archives of the Johns Hopkins Medical Institution|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150221123915/http://www.medicalarchives.jhmi.edu/garrett/biography.htm#suffrage|archive-date = February 21, 2015}}</ref> The [[Johns Hopkins School of Medicine|school of medicine]] was America's first coeducational, graduate-level medical school, and became a prototype for academic medicine that emphasized bedside learning, research projects, and laboratory training.

In his will and in his instructions to the trustees of the university and the hospital, Hopkins requested that both institutions be built upon the vast grounds of his Baltimore estate, Clifton. When Gilman assumed the presidency, he decided that it would be best to use the university's endowment for recruiting faculty and students, deciding to, as it has been paraphrased, "build men, not buildings."<ref>{{Cite book|title = Founded by Friends: The Quaker Heritage of Fifteen American Colleges and Universities|last = Oliver| first = John W. Jr. |publisher = Scarecrow Press|year = 2007|location = Plymouth|page = 135}}</ref> In his will Hopkins stipulated that none of his endowment should be used for construction; only interest on the principal could be used for this purpose. Unfortunately, stocks in The [[Baltimore and Ohio Railroad]], which would have generated most of the interest, became virtually worthless soon after Hopkins's death. The university's first home was thus in Downtown Baltimore, delaying plans to site the university in Clifton.<ref name="HC" />

===20th century===
{{Further|Applied Physics Laboratory|School of Advanced International Studies|Peabody Institute|Whiting School of Engineering}}
In the early 20th century, the university outgrew its buildings and the trustees began to search for a new home. Developing Clifton for the university was too costly, and {{convert|30|acres|0|abbr=on}} of the estate had to be sold to the city as public park. A solution was achieved by a team of prominent locals who acquired the estate in north Baltimore known as the [[Homewood Campus of Johns Hopkins University|Homewood Estate]]. On February 22, 1902, this land was formally transferred to the university. The flagship building, Gilman Hall, was completed in 1915. The [[Whiting School of Engineering|School of Engineering]] relocated in Fall of 1914 and the [[Zanvyl Krieger School of Arts and Sciences]] followed in 1916. These decades saw the ceding of lands by the university for the public Wyman Park and Wyman Park Dell and the [[Baltimore Museum of Art]], coalescing in the contemporary area of {{convert|140|acre}}.<ref name="HC" />

Prior to becoming the main Johns Hopkins campus, the Homewood estate had initially been the gift of Charles Carroll of [[Carrollton, Maryland]], a planter and signer of the [[United States Declaration of Independence|Declaration of Independence]], to his son Charles Carroll Jr. The original structure, the 1801 [[Homewood Museum|Homewood House]], still stands and serves as an on-campus museum.<ref name="HH">{{cite web|url = http://www.museums.jhu.edu/homewood.php|title = Homewood House|access-date = March 4, 2015|website = JHU Museums|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150224222549/http://www.museums.jhu.edu/homewood.php|archive-date = February 24, 2015}}</ref> The brick and marble [[Federal architecture|Federal]] style of Homewood House became the architectural inspiration for much of the university campus versus the [[Collegiate Gothic]] style of other historic American universities.<ref name="HH" />

In 1909, the university was among the first to start adult [[continuing education]] programs and in 1916 it founded the nation's first [[Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health|school of public health]].<ref>{{cite web|url = http://hub.jhu.edu/gazette/2012/september/leading-the-way-in-public-health|title = Leading the way in public health|date = September 2012|access-date = March 4, 2015|website = JHU Gazette|last = Edelson|first = Matt|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150402115321/http://hub.jhu.edu/gazette/2012/september/leading-the-way-in-public-health|archive-date = April 2, 2015}}</ref>

Since the 1910s, Johns Hopkins University has famously been a "fertile cradle" to [[Arthur Lovejoy]]'s [[history of ideas]].<ref name="Paulson1970"/>

Since 1942, the [[Applied Physics Laboratory|Johns Hopkins Applied Physics Laboratory (APL)]] has served as a major governmental defense contractor. In tandem with on-campus research, Johns Hopkins has every year since 1979 had the highest federal research funding of any American university.<ref>{{cite web|url = http://hub.jhu.edu/2014/01/02/research-spending-rankings-nsf|title = Johns Hopkins leads nation in research spending for the 34th consecutive year|date = January 2, 2014|access-date = March 4, 2015|website = JHU Hub|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150402095002/http://hub.jhu.edu/2014/01/02/research-spending-rankings-nsf|archive-date = April 2, 2015}}</ref>

Professional schools of international affairs and music were established in 1950 and 1977, respectively, when the [[School of Advanced International Studies]]<ref>{{cite web|url = http://transatlantic-magazine.com/about/about-johns-hopkins-sais/|title = About Johns Hopkins SAIS|access-date = March 4, 2015|website = transAtlantic Magazine|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150313004600/http://transatlantic-magazine.com/about/about-johns-hopkins-sais/|archive-date = March 13, 2015}}</ref> in [[Washington, D.C.]], and the [[Peabody Institute]]<ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.peabody.jhu.edu/about/community/|title = Communiyu|access-date = March 4, 2015|website = peabody.jhu.edu|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150318192515/http://www.peabody.jhu.edu/about/community/|archive-date = March 18, 2015}}</ref> in Baltimore were incorporated into the university.

===21st century===
{{Further|Carey Business School|Johns Hopkins School of Education}}
The early decades of the 21st century saw expansion across the university's institutions in both physical and population sizes. Notably, a planned 88-acre expansion to the medical campus began in 2013.<ref name="Medical Campus Expansion" /> Completed construction on the [[Homewood campus]] has included a new [[biomedical engineering]] building in the [[Johns Hopkins Biomedical Engineering|Johns Hopkins University Department of Biomedical Engineering]], a new library, a new biology wing, an extensive renovation of the flagship Gilman Hall, and the reconstruction of the main university entrance.<ref name="Charles Street Reconstruction" />

These years also brought about the rapid development of the university's professional schools of education and business. From 1999 until 2007, these disciplines had been joined within the School of Professional Studies in Business and Education (SPSBE), itself a reshuffling of several earlier ventures. The 2007 split, combined with new funding and leadership initiatives, has led to the simultaneous emergence of the [[Johns Hopkins School of Education]] and the [[Carey Business School]].<ref name="new professional schools" />[[File:Legg mason tower.jpg|thumb|[[Legg Mason Tower]], home of the new [[Carey Business School]]]]On November 18, 2018, it was announced that [[Michael Bloomberg]] would make a donation to his alma mater of $1.8&nbsp;billion, marking the largest private donation in modern history to an institution of [[higher education]] and bringing Bloomberg's total contribution to the school in excess of $3.3&nbsp;billion.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/01/27/nyregion/at-1-1-billion-bloomberg-is-top-university-donor-in-us.html|title=$1.1 Billion in Thanks From Bloomberg to Johns Hopkins|date=January 27, 2013|work=The New York Times|access-date=February 27, 2017|archive-date=June 11, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170611114620/http://www.nytimes.com/2013/01/27/nyregion/at-1-1-billion-bloomberg-is-top-university-donor-in-us.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Michael R. Bloomberg Commits $350 Million to Johns Hopkins for Transformational Academic Initiative 2013|url=http://releases.jhu.edu/2013/01/26/michael-r-bloomberg-commits-350-million-to-johns-hopkins|website=Releases.jhu.edu|date=January 26, 2013|access-date=December 26, 2018|archive-date=December 26, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181226184300/https://releases.jhu.edu/2013/01/26/michael-r-bloomberg-commits-350-million-to-johns-hopkins/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/michael-bloomberg-gives-300-million-to-johns-hopkins-for-public-health-effort-1473951780|title=Michael Bloomberg Gives $300 Million to Johns Hopkins for Public-Health Effort|date=September 15, 2016|work=The Wall Street Journal|access-date=December 26, 2018|archive-date=February 11, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180211081111/https://www.wsj.com/articles/michael-bloomberg-gives-300-million-to-johns-hopkins-for-public-health-effort-1473951780|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://news.fastcompany.com/mike-bloomberg-and-others-donate-125-million-for-breakthrough-cancer-research-4001500|title=Mike Bloomberg and others donate $125 million for breakthrough cancer research|newspaper=Fastco News|date=March 29, 2016|language=en-US|access-date=April 15, 2016|archive-date=April 20, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160420225333/https://news.fastcompany.com/mike-bloomberg-and-others-donate-125-million-for-breakthrough-cancer-research-4001500}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-maryland-cancer-johnshopkins-idUSKCN0WV2IK|title=Bloomberg, others give $125 million for immunotherapy cancer research|date=March 29, 2016|newspaper=Reuters|access-date=April 15, 2016|archive-date=April 25, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160425025541/http://www.reuters.com/article/us-maryland-cancer-johnshopkins-idUSKCN0WV2IK|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://hub.jhu.edu/2016/03/29/cancer-immunotherapy-center-bloomberg-kimmel|title=Johns Hopkins launches cancer research center with $125 million from Bloomberg, Kimmel, others|website=The Hub|date=March 29, 2016|access-date=April 15, 2016|archive-date=April 14, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160414225320/http://hub.jhu.edu/2016/03/29/cancer-immunotherapy-center-bloomberg-kimmel|url-status=live}}</ref> Bloomberg's $1.8&nbsp;billion gift allows the school to practice [[need-blind admission]] and meet the full financial need of admitted students.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.cnn.com/2018/11/18/politics/bloomberg-johns-hopkins-record-donation/index.html|author=Alesci, Cristina|title=Bloomberg donates record $1.8B to Johns Hopkins|date=November 19, 2018|work=CNN|access-date=November 23, 2018|archive-date=November 23, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181123201212/https://www.cnn.com/2018/11/18/politics/bloomberg-johns-hopkins-record-donation/index.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/education/bloomberg-gives-johns-hopkins-a-record-18-billion-for-student-financial-aid/2018/11/18/8db256cc-eb4e-11e8-96d4-0d23f2aaad09_story.html |last1=Anderson |first1=Nick |title=Bloomberg gives Johns Hopkins a record $1.8 billion for student financial aid |newspaper=The Washington Post |date=November 18, 2018 |access-date=November 18, 2018 |archive-date=November 19, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181119000901/https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/education/bloomberg-gives-johns-hopkins-a-record-18-billion-for-student-financial-aid/2018/11/18/8db256cc-eb4e-11e8-96d4-0d23f2aaad09_story.html |url-status=live}}</ref>

In January 2019, the university announced<ref>{{cite web|last1=Alexander|first1=Dave|date=2019-01-25|title=Johns Hopkins to acquire Newseum building in Washington, D.C.|url=https://hub.jhu.edu/2019/01/25/johns-hopkins-newseum-purchase-washington-dc/|access-date=2020-06-26|website=The Hub|language=en|archive-date=June 27, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200627050631/https://hub.jhu.edu/2019/01/25/johns-hopkins-newseum-purchase-washington-dc/|url-status=live}}</ref> an agreement to purchase the [[Newseum]], located at 555 Pennsylvania Ave. NW, in the heart of [[Washington, D.C.]], with plans to locate all of its Washington, D.C.–based graduate programs there. In an interview with ''[[The Atlantic]]'', the president of Johns Hopkins stated that, "the purchase is an opportunity to position the university, literally, to better contribute its expertise to national- and international-policy discussions."<ref>{{cite web|last=Harris|first=Adam|date=2019-01-25|title=What Johns Hopkins Gets by Buying the Newseum|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/education/archive/2019/01/johns-hopkins-purchase-newseum/581341/|access-date=2020-06-26|website=The Atlantic|language=en-US|archive-date=June 26, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626193120/https://www.theatlantic.com/education/archive/2019/01/johns-hopkins-purchase-newseum/581341/|url-status=live}}</ref>

In late 2019, the university's Coronavirus Research Center began tracking worldwide cases of the [[COVID-19 pandemic]] by compiling data from hundreds of sources around the world.<ref name="EW">{{cite web|url=https://www.tagesschau.de/inland/johns-hopkins-uni-corona-zahlen-101.html|title=Exklusiv: Woher die Johns-Hopkins-Zahlen zu Corona stammen|last1=Becker|first1=J.|last2=Hollstein|first2=R.|date=April 3, 2020|website=[[Tagesschau (German TV series)|Tagesschau]]|language=de|access-date=April 5, 2020|last3=Milatz|first3=M.|archive-date=April 4, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200404150346/https://www.tagesschau.de/inland/johns-hopkins-uni-corona-zahlen-101.html|url-status=live}}</ref> This led to the university becoming one of the most cited sources for data about the pandemic.<ref name="EW" />

==== Establishment of the Johns Hopkins Police Department ====
In February 2019, Johns Hopkins University requested permission from the Maryland General Assembly to create a private police force to patrol in and around the three Baltimore campuses, a move that was immediately opposed by several neighboring communities,<ref>{{cite news |last1=Mendpara |first1=Aashi |date=9 October 2022 |title=Abell Improvement Association assesses JHPD for its potential effects on the community |url=https://www.jhunewsletter.com/article/2022/10/abell-improvement-association-assesses-jhpd-for-its-potential-effects-on-the-community |access-date=21 October 2022 |work=The Johns Hopkins News-Letter}}</ref><ref name="neighborhoods-map">{{cite map|title=Neighborhoods Opposing JHPD (map)|url=https://www.google.com/maps/d/u/0/viewer?mid=1SdYbq-ArSH7MZDV2cKs4gdwdcKyI9tXB&shorturl=1&ll=39.32470485962732%2C-76.61564824999999&z=15|date=October 27, 2021|access-date=October 21, 2022}}</ref> 75% of Johns Hopkins undergraduate students, and at least 90 professors who signed on to an open letter opposing the plan.<ref>{{cite news |last=Reutter |first=Mark |date=Feb 20, 2019 |title=Johns Hopkins plan for a private police force splits communities and the student body |url=https://www.baltimorebrew.com/2019/02/20/johns-hopkins-plan-for-a-private-police-force-splits-communities-and-the-student-body/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190518020015/https://www.baltimorebrew.com/2019/02/20/johns-hopkins-plan-for-a-private-police-force-splits-communities-and-the-student-body/ |archive-date=May 18, 2019 |access-date=2022-09-27 |work=Baltimore Brew}}</ref><ref name="inside-HE-concerns">{{cite news |last=Alonso |first=Johanna |title=Hopkins's Move to Create a Police Force Raises Concerns |url=https://www.insidehighered.com/news/2022/09/22/johns-hopkins-moves-forward-private-police-force |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220923132623/https://www.insidehighered.com/news/2022/09/22/johns-hopkins-moves-forward-private-police-force |archive-date=September 23, 2022 |access-date=September 28, 2022 |work=Inside Higher Ed}}</ref> In early March, it was revealed<ref name="bbrew-corrupt">{{cite news |last=Reutter |first=Mark |date=2019-03-04 |title=On a single day, Johns Hopkins officials gave Baltimore's mayor $16,000 |url=https://www.baltimorebrew.com/2019/03/04/on-a-single-day-johns-hopkins-officials-gave-baltimores-mayor-16000/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191111190549/https://www.baltimorebrew.com/2019/03/04/on-a-single-day-johns-hopkins-officials-gave-baltimores-mayor-16000/ |archive-date=November 11, 2019 |access-date=2022-09-27}}</ref> that "on January 9, 2019, nine senior administrators and one retired hospital CEO...contributed a total of $16,000" to then Baltimore Mayor [[Catherine Pugh]]'s re-election campaign, shortly after which a bill to institute a Johns Hopkins private police force was introduced into the Maryland General Assembly at "request [of] Baltimore City Administration." On April 8, 2019, the Homewood Faculty Assembly unanimously passed a resolution requesting that the administration refrain from taking any further steps "toward the establishment of a private police force" until it could provide responses to several questions concerning accountability and oversight of the proposed police department, fears of Black faculty that the police department would target people of color, and alleged corruption involving Mayor Pugh.<ref name="pugh-corruption-garland">{{cite news |last=Shen |first=Fern |date=2019-04-09 |title=Citing school officials' campaign contributions to Pugh, Hopkins students protest private police plan |url=https://www.baltimorebrew.com/2019/04/09/citing-school-officials-campaign-contributions-to-pugh-hopkins-students-protest-private-police-plan/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191112015403/https://www.baltimorebrew.com/2019/04/09/citing-school-officials-campaign-contributions-to-pugh-hopkins-students-protest-private-police-plan/ |archive-date=November 12, 2019 |access-date=September 28, 2022}}</ref> The Community Safety and Strengthening Act passed the Maryland General Assembly and was signed into law in April 2019,<ref>{{cite act|url=https://mgaleg.maryland.gov/2019RS/chapters_noln/Ch_25_sb0793E.pdf|title=Community Safety and Strengthening Act|legislature=Maryland General Assembly|date=April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220302222418/https://mgaleg.maryland.gov/2019RS/chapters_noln/Ch_25_sb0793E.pdf|archive-date=2022-03-02|url-status=live}}</ref> granting Johns Hopkins University permission to establish a private police department. In response to perceived corruption, a group of protestors staged a sit-in of Garland Hall, the building housing the office of university president [[Ronald J. Daniels]].{{R|pugh-corruption-garland}}<ref name="garland-arrest">{{cite news |last=Shen |first=Fern |date=2019-05-08 |title=Protest at Johns Hopkins against private police force ends in blowtorches, arrests and tears |url=https://www.baltimorebrew.com/2019/05/08/protest-at-johns-hopkins-against-private-police-force-ends-in-blowtorches-arrests-and-tears/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190522210908/https://www.baltimorebrew.com/2019/05/08/protest-at-johns-hopkins-against-private-police-force-ends-in-blowtorches-arrests-and-tears/ |archive-date=May 22, 2019 |access-date=2022-09-27 |work=Baltimore Brew}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Bauer-Wolf |first=Jeremy |date=May 8, 2019 |title=Full Shutdown |url=https://www.insidehighered.com/news/2019/05/08/johns-hopkins-students-escalate-sit-over-proposed-campus-police-force |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190610183724/http://www.insidehighered.com/news/2019/05/08/johns-hopkins-students-escalate-sit-over-proposed-campus-police-force |archive-date=June 10, 2019 |access-date=September 28, 2022 |work=Inside Higher Ed}}</ref> After a month-long sit-in, the protestors "took over the building – locking its doors with chains."{{R|garland-arrest}} They held the building for a week until May 8, 2019, when "[a]t 5:50 a.m., at the request of Johns Hopkins University," Baltimore police surrounded the building and arrested "three community members, one undergraduate and one graduate student"{{R|garland-arrest}} who were occupying the building.

In the wake of the May 2020 killing of [[George Floyd]] and the [[George Floyd protests|subsequent protests]], a group of Hopkins faculty along with 2,500 Hopkins staff, students, and community members signed a petition calling on president Daniels to reconsider the planned police department.<ref>{{cite news |last=Strickland |first=Ray |date=2020-06-09 |title=Thousands sign petition calling on Johns Hopkins University to abandon its plan to create a private police force |url=https://www.wmar2news.com/news/region/baltimore-city/thousands-sign-petition-calling-on-johns-hopkins-university-to-abandon-its-plan-to-create-a-private-police-force |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210805144900/https://www.wmar2news.com/news/region/baltimore-city/thousands-sign-petition-calling-on-johns-hopkins-university-to-abandon-its-plan-to-create-a-private-police-force |archive-date=August 5, 2021 |access-date=September 28, 2022 |work=WMAR 2 News}}</ref> The office of public safety issued a statement on June 10 saying "the JHPD does not yet exist. We committed to establishing this department through a slow, careful and fully open process. No other steps are planned at this time, and we will be in close communication with the city and our university community before any further steps are taken".<ref>{{cite web |date=June 10, 2020 |title=Status of Development of Johns Hopkins Police Department |url=https://publicsafety.jhu.edu/updates-and-events/status-of-development-of-johns-hopkins-police-department/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220927232516/https://publicsafety.jhu.edu/updates-and-events/status-of-development-of-johns-hopkins-police-department/ |archive-date=September 27, 2022 |access-date=2022-09-27 |website=publicsafety.jhu.edu}}</ref> Two days later, president Daniels announced the decision to "pause for at least the next two years the implementation of the JHPD."<ref>{{cite news |date=June 12, 2020 |title=Johns Hopkins will pause development of a police department for at least two years |url=https://hub.jhu.edu/2020/06/12/hopkins-pauses-jhpd-for-at-least-two-years/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200614185445/https://hub.jhu.edu/2020/06/12/hopkins-pauses-jhpd-for-at-least-two-years/ |archive-date=June 14, 2020 |access-date=2022-09-27}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Soderberg |first=Brandon |date=October 15, 2021 |title=Battleground Baltimore: Plan for Johns Hopkins cops continues, 'reform' talk in tow |url=https://therealnews.com/battleground-baltimore-plan-for-johns-hopkins-cops-continues-reform-talk-in-tow |work=The Real News Network}}</ref> Despite this announcement, the next summer Johns Hopkins announced the appointment of Dr. Branville Bard Jr. to the newly created position of vice president for public safety.<ref>{{cite web |date=July 27, 2021 |title=New vice president for public safety |url=https://publicsafety.jhu.edu/updates-and-events/new-vice-president-for-public-safety/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220928000236/https://publicsafety.jhu.edu/updates-and-events/new-vice-president-for-public-safety/ |archive-date=September 28, 2022 |access-date=September 28, 2022}}</ref>

The Community Safety and Strengthening Act requires the university to establish a civilian accountability board as well as a Memorandum Of Understanding (MOU) with the Baltimore Police Department. A draft MOU was made public on September 19, 2022<ref>{{cite web |date=2022-09-16 |title=DRAFT MEMORANDUM OF UNDERSTANDING BETWEEN THE JOHNS HOPKINS POLICE DEPARTMENT AND THE BALTIMORE POLICE DEPARTMENT COORDINATION OF LAW ENFORCEMENT RESPONSIBILITIES |url=https://publicsafety.jhu.edu/assets/uploads/sites/9/2022/09/BPD-JHU-MOU-09.19.2022.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220923102923/https://publicsafety.jhu.edu/assets/uploads/sites/9/2022/09/BPD-JHU-MOU-09.19.2022.pdf |archive-date=September 23, 2022 |access-date=September 28, 2022}}</ref> in advance of three scheduled town halls and a 30-day period to solicit feedback from the community. A message posted the same day as the draft MOU said that the document "will be modified to reflect what we hear and learn from our community."<ref>{{cite web |date=September 19, 2022 |title=Upcoming town halls and memorandum of understanding for JHPD |url=https://publicsafety.jhu.edu/updates-and-events/upcoming-town-halls-and-memorandum-of-understanding-for-jhpd/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220921144620/https://publicsafety.jhu.edu/updates-and-events/upcoming-town-halls-and-memorandum-of-understanding-for-jhpd/ |archive-date=September 21, 2022 |access-date=September 28, 2022}}</ref> However, community members remained skeptical that the university is operating in good faith. A September 2022 article from Inside Higher Ed portrays the sentiment from the community, quoting a Johns Hopkins physician and professor who said "Hopkins engineers very closed and stage-managed town halls and does not execute any changes based on these town halls."{{R|inside-HE-concerns}} The Baltimore Sun reported that the Coalition Against Policing by Hopkins planned to continue to obstruct the formation of JHPD, but that it must resort to "shutting down more university events," referring to the 2019 Garland Hall sit-in.<ref>{{cite news |last1=LeBoeuf |first1=Sabrina |last2=Reed |first2=Lillian |date=2022-09-21 |title=Opposition to Johns Hopkins University private police force simmers ahead of town hall meetings |url=https://www.baltimoresun.com/education/bs-md-johns-hopkins-police-department-opposition-preview-20220921-e6znlx5azfbprhmnsvpux4z7ie-story.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220927144755/https://www.baltimoresun.com/education/bs-md-johns-hopkins-police-department-opposition-preview-20220921-e6znlx5azfbprhmnsvpux4z7ie-story.html |archive-date=September 27, 2022 |access-date=September 28, 2022 |work=Baltimore Sun}}</ref> The group proceeded to shut down the first town hall. According to reporting by the Baltimore Sun, the event "was moved to an online-only format after a crowd of chanting protesters took over the meeting stage."<ref>{{cite news |last=LeBoeuf |first=Sabrina |date=September 22, 2022 |title=First town hall to discuss Johns Hopkins private police force is ended by protesters and moved to online-only format |url=https://www.baltimoresun.com/education/bs-md-hopkins-police-town-hall-20220923-puufnnv7kbh4xbqaaxuki3val4-story.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220927085632/https://www.baltimoresun.com/education/bs-md-hopkins-police-town-hall-20220923-puufnnv7kbh4xbqaaxuki3val4-story.html |archive-date=September 27, 2022 |access-date=September 28, 2022 |work=Baltimore Sun}}</ref> The MOU finalized on December 2, 2022, grants the JHPD primary jurisdiction over areas "owned, leased, or operated by, or under the control of" JHU as well as adjacent public property.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-12-02 |title=MEMORANDUM OF UNDERSTANDING BETWEEN THE JOHNS HOPKINS POLICE DEPARTMENT AND THE POLICE DEPARTMENT OF BALTIMORE CITY COORDINATION OF LAW ENFORCEMENT RESPONSIBILITIES |url=https://publicsafety.jhu.edu/assets/uploads/sites/9/2022/12/Final-Executed-MOU-12022022.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240703114922/https://publicsafety.jhu.edu/assets/uploads/sites/9/2022/12/Final-Executed-MOU-12022022.pdf |archive-date=July 3, 2024 |access-date=2024-07-17}}</ref> Despite continued protest from university faculty<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hofstaedter |first=Emily |date=2024-02-27 |title=Johns Hopkins faculty committee asks for Baltimore City Council hearing on private JHU police force |url=https://www.wypr.org/wypr-news/2024-02-27/johns-hopkins-faculty-committee-asks-for-baltimore-city-council-hearing-on-private-jhu-police-force |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240227213635/https://www.wypr.org/wypr-news/2024-02-27/johns-hopkins-faculty-committee-asks-for-baltimore-city-council-hearing-on-private-jhu-police-force |archive-date=February 27, 2024 |access-date=2024-07-17 |website=WYPR |language=en}}</ref> calling for more oversight and clearly defined jurisdictional boundaries in accordance with the law,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sanderlin |first=Lee O. |date=2024-02-27 |title=Johns Hopkins group opposes campus police, wants City Council hearing |url=https://www.thebaltimorebanner.com/community/criminal-justice/johns-hopkins-university-police-protest-baltimore-7QMIUQARQFGLPP5C4VGCFLAXB4/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20240227221345/https://www.thebaltimorebanner.com/community/criminal-justice/johns-hopkins-university-police-protest-baltimore-7QMIUQARQFGLPP5C4VGCFLAXB4/ |archive-date=27 February 2024 |access-date=2024-07-17 |website=The Baltimore Banner |language=en}}</ref> officer recruitment and training began in spring of 2024,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Simpson |first=Amy |date=2024-03-18 |title=Recruitment underway for new Johns Hopkins Police Department |url=https://foxbaltimore.com/news/local/recruitment-underway-for-new-johns-hopkins-police-department |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240318203532/https://foxbaltimore.com/news/local/recruitment-underway-for-new-johns-hopkins-police-department |archive-date=March 18, 2024 |access-date=2024-07-17 |website=WBFF |language=en}}</ref> with officers starting active duty in the summer of 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Status and Updates |url=https://publicsafety.jhu.edu/community-safety/jhpd/status-and-updates/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240226162916/https://publicsafety.jhu.edu/community-safety/jhpd/status-and-updates/ |archive-date=February 26, 2024 |access-date=2024-07-17 |website=Public Safety |language=en}}</ref>

===Civil rights===

====African-Americans====
Hopkins was a prominent [[Abolitionism in the United States|abolitionist]] who supported [[Abraham Lincoln]] during the [[American Civil War]]. After his death, reports said his conviction was a decisive factor in enrolling Hopkins's first [[African-American]] student, [[Kelly Miller (scientist)|Kelly Miller]], a graduate student in physics, astronomy and mathematics.<ref name="mdhistoryonline">[https://archive.today/20120907140948/http://www.mdhistoryonline.net/mdmedicine/cfm/dsp_detail.cfm?id=1895 MDhistoryonline.net], Medicine in Maryland 1752–1920</ref> As time passed, the university adopted a "separate but equal" stance more like other Baltimore institutions.<ref name="racial_record"/>

The first black undergraduate entered the school in 1945 and graduate students followed in 1967.<ref name="timeline_JHSPH">{{cite web |title=Our First Century |url=https://magazine.jhsph.edu/2015/summer/features/a-century-of-firsts/ |website=Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health |access-date=June 5, 2020 |language=en |archive-date=May 21, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200521074946/https://magazine.jhsph.edu/2015/summer/features/a-century-of-firsts/ |url-status=live}}</ref> James Nabwangu, a British-trained Kenyan, was the first black graduate of the medical school.<ref name="In a Sea of White Faces">{{cite web |url=http://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/hmn/w98/sea.html |title=In a Sea of White Faces |publisher=Hopkinsmedicine.org |access-date=September 24, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110611033731/http://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/hmn/w98/sea.html |archive-date=June 11, 2011}}</ref> African-American instructor and laboratory supervisor [[Vivien Thomas]] was instrumental in developing and conducting the first successful [[blue baby syndrome|blue baby operation]] in 1944.<ref>{{cite web|url = https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/partners/legacy/l_colleagues_thomas.html|title = Footprints Through Time: Vivien Thomas|access-date = March 4, 2015|website = PBS|url-status=live|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150215234419/http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/partners/legacy/l_colleagues_thomas.html|archive-date = February 15, 2015}}</ref> Despite such cases, racial diversity did not become commonplace at Johns Hopkins institutions until the 1960s and 1970s.

====Women====
Hopkins's most well-known battle for women's rights was the one led by daughters of trustees of the university; [[Mary Garrett|Mary E. Garrett]], [[M. Carey Thomas]], Mamie Gwinn, Elizabeth King, and Julia Rogers.<ref name="women"/> They donated and raised the funds needed to open the medical school, and required Hopkins's officials to agree to their stipulation that women would be admitted. The [[nursing school]] opened in 1889 and accepted women and men as students.<ref>{{cite web|url = http://webapps.jhu.edu/jhuniverse/information_about_hopkins/about_jhu/chronology/|title = The Johns Hopkins University- Chronology|access-date = March 4, 2015|website = webapps.jhu.edu|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150228234400/http://webapps.jhu.edu/jhuniverse/information%5Fabout%5Fhopkins/about%5Fjhu/chronology/|archive-date = February 28, 2015}}</ref> Other graduate schools were later opened to women by president [[Ira Remsen]] in 1907. [[Christine Ladd-Franklin]] was the first woman to earn a PhD at Hopkins, in mathematics in 1882.<ref>{{cite web|url = http://www2.webster.edu/~woolflm/christineladd.html|title = Christine Ladd-Franklin|access-date = March 4, 2015|website = Women's Intellectual Contributions to the Study of Mind and Society|last = Ragsdale|first = Samantha|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150421023720/http://www2.webster.edu/~woolflm/christineladd.html|archive-date = April 21, 2015}}</ref> The trustees denied her the degree for decades and refused to change the policy about admitting women. In 1893, Florence Bascomb became the university's first female PhD.<ref name=women/> The decision to admit women at undergraduate level was not considered until the late 1960s and was eventually adopted in October 1969. As of 2009–2010, the undergraduate population was 47% female and 53% male.<ref name="Johns Hopkins University"/> In 2020, the undergraduate population of Hopkins was 53% female.<ref>{{cite web|title=Johns Hopkins University|url=https://www.usnews.com/best-colleges/jhu-2077|website=USNews|access-date=January 29, 2021|archive-date=January 28, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210128233649/https://www.usnews.com/best-colleges/jhu-2077|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Johns Hopkins University - Student Population And Demographics|url=https://www.collegetuitioncompare.com/edu/162928/johns-hopkins-university/enrollment/|access-date=2021-01-29|website=College Tuition Compare|language=en|archive-date=January 24, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210124102847/https://www.collegetuitioncompare.com/edu/162928/johns-hopkins-university/enrollment|url-status=live}}</ref>

====Freedom of speech====
On September 5, 2013, cryptographer and Johns Hopkins university professor [[Matthew D. Green|Matthew Green]] posted a blog entitled, "On the NSA", in which he contributed to the ongoing debate regarding the role of [[NIST]] and [[NSA]] in formulating U.S. [[cryptography]] standards. On September 9, 2013, Green received a take-down request for the "On the NSA" blog from interim Dean Andrew Douglas from the Johns Hopkins University [[Whiting School of Engineering]].<ref name="GuardianOnTakeDown"/> The request cited concerns that the blog had links to sensitive material. The blog linked to already published news articles from ''[[The Guardian]]'', ''[[The New York Times]]'', and [[ProPublica.org]]. Douglas subsequently issued a personal on-line apology to Green.<ref name="DaraKerrOnApology"/> The event raised concern over the future of academic freedom of speech within the cryptologic research community.