Editing John Ogilby (section)

==Life==
===Childhood and youth (1600–1618)===
John Ogilby's birthplace and parentage are historically uncertain; most early biographies of Ogilby rely on the notes of his assistant [[John Aubrey]] that were made for Aubrey's ''[[Brief Lives]]'', a collection of biographies of Ogilby and others.{{sfnp|Ereira|2016|pp=5, 6}} The accuracy of Aubrey's account is questionable;{{sfnp|Ereira|2016|p=6}} Aubrey noted Ogilby was evasive about his origins,{{sfnp|Van Eerde|1976|page=15}} saying only he was born "near Edinburgh" in 1600 "of a gentleman's family".{{sfnp|Ereira|2016|pp=6, 7}} Later scholarship has discovered in 1653, Ogilby consulted the noted astrologer [[Elias Ashmole]],{{sfnp|Ereira|2016|p=164}} and that Ashmole subsequently included Ogilby's [[horoscope]] in a personal collection of his horoscopes of notable people.<ref>{{citation |date=c. 1680 |title=Ms. Ashm. 332, f.35° |first=Elias |last=Ashmole |author-link=Elias Ashmole |url=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Horoscope_of_John_Ogilby_taken_by_Ashmole.png}}, cited in {{harvp|Ereira|2016|pp=50{{subst:endash}}52}}</ref> The horoscope required precise data; Ashmole gives the exact location of Ogilby's birth as "Killemeure" ([[Kirriemuir]] near [[Dundee]]{{efn|Kirriemuir is about twenty [[statute mile]]s, eighteen [[Scottish mile]]s and 32 kilometres north of Dundee and the nearest town{{snd}} about {{cvt|5|mi}} north-west{{snd}} to [[Airlie, Angus|Airlie]], the seat of the [[Earl of Airlie|lairds of Airlie]].}}{{efn|This is Ereira's supposition.{{sfnp|Ereira|2016|pp=50–52}} Van Eerde reads the location given on the horoscope as "Kellemeane" and is unable to identify any place of that or similar name on any maps of the time.{{sfnp|Van Eerde|1976|pages=15, 16}}}}) and the exact date and time as 17 November 1600 at 04:00.{{sfnp|Ereira|2016|pp=50–52}} 

Ogilby believed himself to be at least a half-brother to [[James Ogilvy, 1st Earl of Airlie]],{{sfnp|Ereira|2016|pages=150–161}}{{efn| In the second edition of ''Virgil'', Ogilby signed himself as {{lang|la|Johannes Ogilvius}}, with the Ogilvy coat-of-arms in a [[cartouche]], charged with a [[Star (heraldry)|heraldic star]] that indicated "younger son": the final plate of the book was dedicated to the [[Garter King of Arms]], in effect (Alan Ereira says) to assert the validity of his use of the arms.{{sfnp|Ereira|2016|pages=152–155}} Neither Ereira nor Van Eerde, however, were able to find any evidence of an overt claim to direct family connection and Van Eerde strongly questions whether such a connection ever existed.{{sfnp|Van Eerde|1976|page=16}} In 1625, John Ogilvie (1587{{snd}}1625, second brother to the Earl) affirmed in his will he was "brother german" (full, unquestioned brother) of the future Earl, seemingly to distinguish himself from John Ogilby.{{sfnp|Ereira|2016|pages=157,158}} }} given at birth to John Ogilby (senior), a [[wikt:well-off|well-off]] gentleman's tailor in Edinburgh, to be adopted.{{sfnp|Ereira|2016|pages=150–161}}{{efn|There are no records of the circumstances of his fostering and adoption by John Ogilby (senior), at the time a well-to-do tailor in Edinburgh and distant kinsman to the noble Lord Ogilvie. Ereira suggests two possible reasons.{{sfnp|Ereira|2016|pages=150–161}}  The first is his claimed father, Lord Ogilvie, had engaged in pitched battle with the neighbouring Lindsay clan and as a result was subjected to severe sanctions by the Privy Council of Scotland. This put the family in very difficult circumstances: the eldest son, the future Earl of Airlie, was sent to the continent; perhaps a foster family in Edinburgh was the safest place for a baby. The second is his mother Jean Ruthven may have conceived while her husband was engaged in battle with the Lindsays.}} He was most likely educated at the Merchant Taylors' [[grammar school#Medieval grammar schools|grammar school]] in London.{{sfnp|Ereira|2016|pages=11–12}}{{efn|In 1606, the Ogilby family followed King [[James I and VI]] when the [[Union of the Crowns| court transferred to London]] and Ogilby Sr was admitted to membership of the [[Worshipful Company of Merchant Taylors]].{{sfnp|Ereira|2016|pages=9–10}} This meant attendance of the school was his right. Ereira notes Ogilby's name does not appear on the school register but that this is not surprising because the register records only pupils taking an examination called the "probation".{{sfnp|Ereira|2016|loc=page 420, footnote 11.}}}} At eleven years old, Ogilby was indentured as an apprentice to John Draper, one of just three licensed [[dance master]]s in London.{{sfnp|Ereira|2016|pp=32–33}} At the time, a dancing master had expertise in "grammar (elocution), rhetoric, logic, philosophy, history, music, mathematics and in other arts":{{sfnp|Ereira|2016|p=36}} ability to dance in "Old Measures" was considered an essential skill for the upper classes.{{sfnp|Ereira|2016|pp=40–41}} In 1617, Draper became a barrister at [[Gray's Inn]] and released Ogilby, who by then was highly accomplished as a dancer and a teacher, from the apprenticeship, allowing him to set up as a master in his own right and to take part in theatrical performances.{{sfnp|Ereira|2016|pp=42–43}} A fall while dancing in a [[masque]] in February 1619 (aged 18), however, lamed him for life and ended his career as a dancer, though not as a teacher.{{sfnp|Ereira|2016|pp=50–52}}

===Early adulthood (1619−1633)===
{{see also|Thirty Years' War}}
Information about John Ogilby's early adulthood is limited. According to Ashmole's horoscope, in 1625, Ogilby suffered from a "double quotidian ague"&nbsp;– a form of malaria&nbsp;– <ref>{{cite book |first=C H |last=Josten |title=Elias Ashmole (1617-1692) : his autobiographical and historical notes, his correspondence, and other contemporary sources relating to his life and work |volume=II |page=655 |date=1967 |publisher=Clarendon Press |location=Oxford |isbn=9780191759932}}, cited in {{harvnb|Ereira|2016|p=64}} Josten decoded Ashmole's cryptic notes.</ref> he most probably contracted while fighting in the [[Low Countries]] under Colonel Sir Charles Rich.{{sfnp|Ereira|2016|p=64}} In May 1626, he is recorded as holding the rank of [[lieutenant]] in the army of [[Ernst von Mansfeld|Count Mansfield]], subsequently becoming a prisoner of war in [[Dunkirk]] from July 1626 to June 1627.<ref>[[State papers#United Kingdom|State Papers Domestic]] 16 v. 66 (63), cited in {{harvnb|Ereira|2016|p=70}}</ref> From June to November 1627, Ogilby was one of the few survivors of the ill-fated English [[Siege of Saint-Martin-de-Ré]], returning to England as acting Captain of a supply ship.{{sfnp|Ereira|2016|p=72}}

===Ireland (1633−1646)===
{{See also|Wars of the Three Kingdoms}}
In August 1633, [[Thomas Wentworth, 1st Earl of Strafford]], the newly appointed [[Lord Deputy of Ireland]], invited Ogilby to Ireland to be dancing tutor to his wife and children, and a member of his troop of guards.{{sfnp|Ereira|2016|p=76}}{{sfnp|Van Eerde|1976 |p=20}} While in Dublin, Ogilby established Ireland's first theatre, the [[Werburgh Street Theatre]].<ref>{{cite book |first=Alan J. |last=Fletcher |title=Drama, Performance, and Polity in Pre-Cromwellian Ireland |location=Toronto |publisher=University of Toronto Press |date=1999 |pages=261–264 |isbn=9780802043771}}</ref> In 1637, as a consequence of this enterprise and to discourage competitors, Wentworth appointed Ogilby [[Master of the Revels]] for Ireland, with power to permit and forbid performances.{{sfnp|Ereira|2016|p=83}} The theatre remained open for four years; it had mixed success but it had to be closed as a result of the [[Irish Rebellion of 1641]].<ref name="Parker">{{cite book |first=Philip |last=Parker |title=The Atlas of Atlases |date=25 October 2022 |isbn=9780711268050 |oclc= 1292066597 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=SN-PEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA153 153]|publisher=Ivy Press }}</ref> With theatre and dancing ruled out, Ogilby spent his time learning Latin and then translating the complete works of [[Virgil]].{{sfnp|Ereira|2016|pp=109, 111}}

===Writer and publisher, marriage (1647−1660)===
Ogilby returned to England in January 1647, being shipwrecked on his homeward journey.<ref name="EB1911">{{cite EB1911|wstitle=Ogilby, John|volume=20}}(1646/7)</ref>{{sfnp|Ereira|2016|p=119}} The manuscript of his Virgil translation, which he had carefully placed in waterproof wrapping,{{sfnp|Ereira|2016|p=121}} survived the incident and was published in October 1648 with the sponsorship of Royalist gentlefolk and nobility.{{sfnp|Ereira|2016|pp=126, 167}} 

In 1650, Ogilby married rich heiress Christian<!--"Christian" is correct (her parents were Puritans). "Christina" and "Catherine" are erroneous. See Van Eerde, p28. --> Hunsdon,{{sfnp|Van Eerde|1976|page=27}} a widow in her sixties and about 17 years Ogilby's senior.{{sfnp|Ereira|2016|p=141}} The following year, he published the first edition of his work ''{{As written|The fables of Aesop paraphras'd in verse, and adorn'd with sculpture{{efn|perspective illustrations}} and illustrated with annotations}}'', which was illustrated by [[Francis Cleyn]].<ref>{{cite journal |url=https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/10.1086/376343 |doi=10.1086/376343 |title=From the Collection: Stylistic Influences and Design Sources: An Examination of Winterthur's ''Fox and the Crane'' Fireback |year=2002 |last1=Lindner |first1=Jennifer N. |journal=Winterthur Portfolio |volume=37 |page=74|s2cid=142101773 |quote=A particularly elegant yet unusual example may be seen in an engraving by Francis Cleyn in John Ogilby's ''Fables of Aesop Paraphras'd in Verse and Adorned with Sculpture'' (fig. 9).}}</ref><ref name="Dundas">{{cite journal | first=Judith |last=Dundas |title=The Masks of Cupid and Death |journal=Comparative Drama |volume= 29 |number=1, Spring |year=1995 |pages=48{{subst:endash}}49 |doi=10.1353/cdr.1995.0038 |jstor=41153732 |s2cid=190303904 |quote=The illustration that accompanies the first edition of the Fables, by Francis Cleyn, shows a youth who prays with clasped hands to Cupid in the sky (fig. 3). |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/41153732}}</ref> Ogilby's version of the text was very successful, running to five editions in the following 15 years.{{sfnp|Ereira|2016|p=143}} 

During the next few years, Ogilby learnt [[Greek language|Greek]] with the intention of creating and publishing a new translation of [[Homer]]'s ''[[Iliad]]''; he planned it to be a magnificent undertaking with an estimated production cost of £5,000.<ref>{{cite journal |title=The subscription enterprises of John Ogilby and Richard Blome |first=Sarah |last=Clapp |journal=Modern Philology |volume=30 |number=4 |date=May 1933 |pages=365{{subst:endash}}379|doi=10.1086/388058 |s2cid=161593172 }}</ref>{{efn|The modern equivalent of £5,000 in 1660 is about £{{inflation|UK|5000|1660|r=-5|fmt=c}}.}} The venture required sponsorship to pay for the [[engraving|engraved illustrations]], each of which would cost about £10,{{efn|The modern equivalent of £10 in 1660 is about £{{inflation|UK|10|1660|r=-3|fmt=c}}.}} but he secured only 47 sponsors. When the work published in March 1660, it had 600 pages but was substantially less illustrated than Ogilby had planned.{{sfnp|Ereira|2016|p=184}} With his known Royalist sympathies,{{sfnp|Van Eerde|1976|page=43}} Ogilby was a risk to potential patrons who needed to avoid offending the Puritan [[Commonwealth of England|Commonwealth government]].{{sfnp|Ereira|2016|p=183}}

===Restoration of the monarchy, the Great Fire and Royal Cosmographer (1661–1676) ===
[[File:Bull and Mouth Street from Ogilby & Morgan's map.jpg |thumb |Detail from Ogily and Morgan's "most accurate Survey of the City of London  and Libertyes therof"]] 

The [[Restoration of Charles II]] brought favour back to Ogilby. In 1661, he was granted the unpaid title "Master of the Royal [[wikt:imprimerie|Imprimerie]]" (King's Printer).{{sfnp|Van Eerde|1976|p=64, 91}} With Charles' coronation scheduled for 23 April 1661&nbsp;– [[St. George's Day]]&nbsp;– the [[Court of Common Council|Common Council]] of the [[City of London]] contracted Ogilby to "compose speeches, songs and inscriptions" for the coronation procession from the [[Tower of London]] to [[Whitehall]].{{sfnp|Van Eerde |1976 |page=49}}

A year later, Ogilby was again made Master of the Revels in Ireland,{{sfnp|Van Eerde|1976|p=65}} and he started building a [[Theatre Royal, Dublin|new theatre in Smock Alley, Dublin]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Research Guide for Archival Sources of Smock Alley theatre, Dublin. |url=https://smockalley.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/05/Research-Guide-for-Archival-Sources-of-Smock-Alley-Theatre.pdf |date=October 2009 |publisher=Smock Alley Theatre}}</ref>  The [[libretto]] of [[Katherine Philips]]' musical play ''Pompey'', which was performed at Smock Alley in 1663, credits Ogilby as the composer of the tunes.<ref>{{Cite Grove |last=Boydell |first=Brian |title=John Ogilby}}</ref> His second sojourn in Ireland was short-lived; in July 1664, he returned to plague-stricken London, leaving his step-son to take his place.{{sfnp|Ereira|2016|p=226}} In 1665, he published a second, revised edition of ''The Fables of Aesop'', which was this time illustrated with prints by [[Wenceslaus Hollar]].<ref name="Dundas" />

During the [[Great Fire of London]] in 1666, Ogilby's house in [[Fleet Street#Printing and journalism|Shoe Lane]], together with its printing works and most of his stock, was destroyed; he estimated he had lost £3,000.<ref>{{cite book |title=Africa |first=John |last=Ogilby |year=1670}} cited in {{harvp|Ereira|2016|p=245}}</ref>{{efn|The modern equivalent of £3,000 in 1666 is about £{{inflation|UK|3000|1666|r=-5|fmt=c}}.}} After the Great Fire, the [[Corporation of London]] appointed Ogilby and his wife's grandson William Morgan as "sworn viewers", members of a group of four trustworthy gentlemen directed by [[Robert Hooke]],{{sfnp|Ereira|2016|p=247}} to plot disputed property in the city.{{sfnp|Fordham|1925|p=159}} Ogilby later made what he called "the most accurate Survey of the City of London and Libertyes therof that has ever been done".<ref>{{cite book |first1=R. |last1=Hyde |first2= John |last2=Fisher |first3= Roger |last3=Cline |publisher=London Topographical Society |title=The A to Z of Restoration London |date=1992 |page=x |isbn=9780902087323}} cited in {{harvp|Ereira|2016|p=247}}</ref> By 1668, he had a new house in [[Whitefriars, London|Whitefriars]], and was ready to resume his printing and publishing work.{{sfnp|Van Eerde|1976|p=124}} 

Ogilby's next major venture was a series of atlases of China, Japan, Africa, Asia and America. The first of these was ''An Embassy from the East India Company of the United Provinces...'', first published in 1669 for Ogilby by John Macock and then reprinted in better quality by Ogilby himself in 1673. This book was substantially a translation of [[Johan Nieuhof]]'s Dutch [[An embassy from the East-India Company|publication of the same name]] with English copies of the Dutch engravings,{{sfnp|Ereira|2016|p=254}} supplemented by the first English translation of sections of [[Athanasius Kircher]]'s ''[[China Illustrata]]'', relating various information from the [[Jesuit China Mission]].{{sfnp|Ogilby|1669}} Ogilby's ''Africa'' appeared in 1670 and was followed in rapid succession by ''Atlas Japanennsis'' (1670), ''America'' (1671), ''Atlas Chinensis'' (1671)  and ''Asia'' (1673).{{sfnp|Ereira|2016|p=260}} In 1671, in response to his proposal to make a detailed survey and atlas of Great Britain, the King appointed Ogilby Royal [[Cosmographer]].{{sfnp|Ereira|2016|loc=p. 310 "He received a letter from the King on 24 August [1671] addressing him by the novel title of 'Royal Cosmographer'{{thin space}}"}}{{efn|name=Cosmographer|Parker gives 1674;<ref name="Parker" /> according to Ereira, this is the date when his title was upgraded to "His Majesty's Cosmographer and Royal Printer".{{sfnp|Ereira|2016|page=374}}}} Thus, at about the age of 70 and with the scientific advice of Robert Hooke,{{sfnp|Van Eerde|1976|pp=126, 127}} Ogilby began work on ''Britannia'', the project for which he is best known among cartographers.{{sfnp|Fordham|1925|p=1}}<ref name="Enlightenment" />

====''Britannia''<span class="anchor" id="Britannia"></span>====
{{Main|Britannia (atlas)#Ogilby's Britannia}}
<!-- As this article is a biography if Ogilby, only a brief description of his work can go here. For greater detail (or to add anything  substantial), please see the main article about the atlas. -->
[[File:Surveyor's wheel in use.jpg|thumb|A [[surveyor's wheel]] in use (detail from the frontispiece of ''Britannia'')]]

In 1675, Ogilby issued his atlas, which he titled ''Britannia'', in the form of a [[strip map]] for each major route. The work contains 100 strip road maps that are accompanied by a double-sided page of text giving additional advice for the map's use, and notes on the towns shown and the pronunciations of their names.{{sfnp|Fordham|1925|p=164–166}} The roads were measured using a [[surveyor's wheel]], which Ogilby called his "way-wiser", and were plotted at one inch to the [[statute mile]]&nbsp;– a scale of 1:63,360&nbsp;– an Ogilby innovation.{{sfnp|Ereira|2016|loc=p. 346 "These pages established the 8-furlong mile as the national unit of distance and the one-inch-to-a-mile mapping standard, which was used by the British Ordnance Survey until the 1970s".}} The maps include details such as the configurations of hills, bridges and ferries, and the relative sizes of towns.{{sfnp|Fordham|1925|p=164–166}} Ogilby is noted in cartography for these innovations.<ref name="Enlightenment">{{cite book | title=The History of Cartography |volume= 4: Cartography in the European Enlightenment |entry=Ogilby, John |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=m9fkDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA1071 1071] |isbn=9780226339221 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |editor1=Mary Sponberg Pedley |editor2=Matthew H. Edney |date=15 May 2020}}</ref>

The cost of the survey and the resulting maps is not known but in a prospectus, Ogilby quotes a preiminary estimate made by the "Lords Referees"&nbsp;– advisors to the [[Privy Council (United Kingdom)|Privy Council]]&nbsp;– as £14,000 (equivalent to about £{{inflation|UK|0.014000|1670|r=1}} million today).{{sfnp|Ereira|2016|p=349}} Ogilby worked hard to raise this considerable sum by holding lotteries, and with the help of [[Robert Hooke]], who made multiple petitions to the Crown, the [[Court of Common Council]] and [[Court of Aldermen]] of the [[Corporation of London]] and to noble families.{{sfnp|Van Eerde|1976|pp=130–134}} Writing in 1925, geographer Sir [[Herbert Fordham]] said:
<blockquote>twice only&nbsp;... has there been such [measurement of roads]: that of John Ogilby, in 1671-5, and that of John Cary, quite at the end of the following century. In neither case, singularly enough, did the Government take any steps for the publication of the results of the survey, everything being left, in this respect, to private and commercial enterprise.{{sfnp|Fordham|1925|p=157}}</blockquote>

===Death ===
Ogilby died in September 1676 and was buried in the vault of [[St Bride's Church]], one of Sir [[Christopher Wren]]'s new London churches.{{sfnp|Van Eerde|1976|p=139}} In his will, dated 27 February 1675, Ogilby bequeathed his entire estate to {{as written|"my deare wife Christian Ogilby and to William Morgan, her grandchild"}}.{{sfnp|Van Eerde|1976|p=137}} The value of his estate is not recorded but the [[British Museum]] has a copy of an announcement by Robert Morden, a [[factor (agent)|factor]], of a sale of "undisposed" books and maps from Ogilby's collection with an asserted value of £517.50 (equivalent to about £{{inflation|UK|517.5|1691|fmt=c|r=-3}} today).<ref>{{cite web |title=Proposals for the last general sale of Mr Ogibly's Books, Maps and Roads &c. |url=https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/object/P_Heal-17-111 |date=1691 |website=[[British Museum]] |access-date=12 August 2023}}</ref>