Editing John Bunyan (section)

==Biography==
===Early life===
[[File:Birth place of Bunyan.jpg|thumb|upright=1.4|right|Bunyan's High Street cottage in [[Elstow]]]]

John Bunyan was born in 1628 to Thomas and Margaret Bunyan at Bunyan's End in the parish of [[Elstow]], [[Bedfordshire]]. Bunyan's End is about halfway between the [[hamlet (place)|hamlet]] of [[Harrowden, Bedfordshire|Harrowden]] (one mile south-east of [[Bedford]]) and Elstow High Street. Bunyan's exact date of birth is not known, but he was baptised on 30 November 1628, the baptismal entry in the parish register reading "John the sonne of Thomas Bunnion Jun., the 30 November".<ref>Brittain 1950: 30</ref> The name Bunyan was spelt in many ways (there are 34 variants in Bedfordshire Record Office) and probably had its origins in the Norman-French name Buignon.<ref>Brittain 1950: 41</ref> There had been Bunyans in Bedfordshire since at least 1199.<ref name=Brittain42>Brittain 1950: 42</ref>

Bunyan's father was a brazier or tinker who travelled around the area mending pots and pans, and his grandfather Thomas served as a member of the Elstow Manor court and was a chapman (or small trader).<ref name=Brittain42/> Thomas Bunyan had, until his later years, owned land and properties in Elstow, so Bunyan's origins were not quite as humble as one might assume from his autobiographical work ''[[Grace Abounding to the Chief of Sinners]]'' where he wrote that his father's house was "of that rank that is meanest and most despised in the country".<ref>Furlong 1975: 48</ref>

As a child, Bunyan learned his father's trade of tinker and was given some schooling<ref>Furlong 1975: 49</ref>  but it is not known which school he attended. It may have been at [[Houghton Conquest]] or [[Bedford School|Bedford Grammar]]. In ''Grace Abounding,'' Bunyan recorded few details of his upbringing, but he did note how he picked up the habit of swearing (from his father), suffered from nightmares, and read the popular stories of the day in cheap [[chapbook|chap-books]]. In the summer of 1644 Bunyan lost both his mother and his sister Margaret.<ref>Furlong 1975: 50</ref> That autumn, shortly before or after his sixteenth birthday, Bunyan enlisted in the [[Parliamentary army]] when an edict demanded 225 recruits from the town of Bedford. There are few details available about his military service, which took place during the first stage of the [[English Civil War]]. A muster roll for the garrison of [[Newport Pagnell]] shows him as private "John Bunnian".<ref>{{Cite book | title = Cromwell's Garrison Town of Newport Pagnell | last = Reynolds | first = Jack | publisher = Mercury | year = 2013 | location = Milton Keynes}}</ref> In ''Grace Abounding'', he recounted an incident from this time, as evidence of the grace of God:

<blockquote>When I was a Souldier, I, with others, were drawn out to go to such a place to besiege it; But when I was just ready to go, one of the company desired to go in my room, to which, when I had consented, he took my place; and coming to the siege, as he stood Sentinel, he was shot into the head with a Musket bullet and died.<ref>Furlong 1975: 51–52</ref></blockquote>

Bunyan's army service provided him with a knowledge of military language which he then used in his book ''[[The Holy War]]'', and also exposed him to the ideas of the various religious sects and radical groups he came across in [[Newport Pagnell]].<ref>Furlong 1975: 52</ref> The garrison town also gave him opportunities to indulge in the sort of behaviour he would later confess to in ''Grace Abounding'': "So that until I came to the state of Marriage, I was the very ringleader of all the Youth that kept me company, in all manner of vice and ungodliness".<ref>Brittain 1950: 89</ref> Bunyan spent nearly three years in the army, leaving in 1647 to return to Elstow and his trade as a tinker. His father had remarried and had more children and Bunyan moved from Bunyan's End to a cottage in Elstow High Street.

===Marriage and conversion===
Within two years of leaving the army, Bunyan married. The name of his wife and the exact date of his marriage are not known, but Bunyan did recall that his wife, a pious young woman, brought with her into the marriage two books that she had inherited from her father: [[Arthur Dent (Puritan)|Arthur Dent]]'s ''Plain Man's Pathway to Heaven'' and [[Lewis Bayly]]'s ''Practice of Piety''. He also recalled that, apart from these two books, the newly-weds possessed little: "not having so much household-stuff as a Dish or a Spoon betwixt us both".<ref>Furlong 1975: 53</ref> The couple's first daughter, Mary, was born in 1650, and it soon became apparent that she was blind. They would have three more children, Elizabeth, Thomas and John.

By his own account, Bunyan had as a youth enjoyed [[Bell-ringer|bell-ringing]], dancing and playing games including on Sunday, which was forbidden by the [[Puritans]], who held a particularly high view of Sunday, called the [[Lord's Day]]. One Sunday, the Rev'd Christopher Hall, [[vicar]] of Elstow, preached a sermon against [[Sabbath in Christianity|Sabbath]] breaking and Bunyan took this sermon to heart. That afternoon, as he was playing [[tip-cat]] (a game in which a small piece of wood is hit with a stick) on Elstow [[village green]], he heard a voice from the heavens in his soul "Wilt thou leave thy sins, and go to Heaven? Or have thy sins, and go to Hell?" and thought he could feel Jesus Christ looking down from Heaven rebuking him.<ref>Furlong 1975: 55</ref> The next few years were a time of intense spiritual conflict for Bunyan as he struggled with his doubts and fears over religion and guilt over what he saw as his state of sin.<ref>Morden 2013: 51</ref> He described how he developed a fear of bell-ringing: "I would go to the steeple-house and look on, though I durst not ring . . . but quickly after I began to think how if one of the bells should fall?" He was later unable even to approach the steeple door of the church "for fear the steeple should fall upon my head."<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thetimes.com/culture/books/article/bell-ringing-takes-its-fearsome-toll-nv9zn6n6pw9 |title=Bell ringing takes its fearsome toll |work=[[The Times]] |date=4 July 2005 |access-date=1 November 2022}}</ref>

During this time Bunyan, whilst on his travels as a [[tinker]], happened to be in [[Bedford]] when he passed a group of women on a doorstep, talking about spiritual matters. The women were some of the founding members of the Bedford Free Church (or Bedford Meeting) and Bunyan, who had been attending the parish church of Elstow, was so impressed by their talk that he joined their church.<ref>Brittain 1950: 119</ref> At that time the [[Nonconformist (Protestantism)|nonconformist]] group was meeting in St John's church in Bedford under the leadership of former [[Royalist]] army officer John Gifford.<ref>Brittain 1950: 144</ref> At the instigation of other members of the congregation Bunyan began to preach, both in the church and to groups of people in the surrounding countryside.<ref>Morden 2013: 71–72</ref> In 1656, having by this time moved his family to St Cuthbert's Street in Bedford, he published his first book, ''Gospel Truths Opened'', which was inspired by a dispute with [[Ranters]] and [[Quakers]].<ref>Brittain 1950: 163</ref>

In 1658 Bunyan's wife died, leaving him with four young children, one of them being blind. A year later he married an eighteen-year-old woman named Elizabeth.<ref>Furlong 1975: 68</ref>

===Imprisonment===
[[File:Bunyan in prison.jpg|thumb|upright=1.4|Bunyan in prison, as imagined in 1881]]

The [[religious tolerance]] which had allowed Bunyan the freedom to preach became curtailed with the restoration of the [[monarchy]] in 1660. The members of the Bedford Meeting were no longer able to meet in St John's church, which they had been sharing with the [[Anglicanism|Anglican]] congregation.<ref>Morden 2013: 83</ref> That November, Bunyan was preaching at Lower Samsell, a farm near the village of [[Harlington, Bedfordshire|Harlington]], thirteen miles from Bedford, when he was warned that a warrant was out for his arrest. Deciding not to make an escape, he was arrested and brought before the local magistrate Sir Francis Wingate, at [[Harlington Manor|Harlington House]]. Bunyan was arrested under the [[Religion Act 1592]], which made it an offence to attend a religious gathering other than at the parish church with more than five people outside their family. The offence was punishable by 3 months' imprisonment followed by [[Penal transportation|banishment]] or execution if the person then failed to promise not to re-offend. The Act had been little used, and Bunyan's arrest was probably due in part to concerns that non-conformist religious meetings were being held as a cover for people plotting against the king (although this was not the case with Bunyan's meetings). The [[Act of Uniformity 1662|Act of Uniformity]], which made it compulsory for preachers to be ordained by an Anglican bishop and for the revised [[Book of Common Prayer]] to be used in church services, was still two years away, and the [[Conventicle Act 1664|Act of Conventicles]], which made it illegal to hold religious meetings of five or more people outside the [[Church of England]] was not passed until 1664.<ref>Brittain 1950: 191</ref>

The trial of Bunyan took place in January 1661 at the quarter sessions in Bedford, before a group of magistrates under [[John Kelynge]], who would later help to draw up the Act of Uniformity.<ref>Brittain 1950: 228</ref> Bunyan, who had been held in prison since his arrest, was indicted of having "devilishly and perniciousy abstained from coming to church to hear divine service" and having held "several unlawful meetings and conventicles, to the great disturbance and distraction of the good subjects of this kingdom".<ref>Brittain 1950: 202</ref> He was sentenced to three months' imprisonment with [[Penal transportation|transportation]] to follow if at the end of this time he did not agree to attend the parish church and desist from preaching.<ref>Brittain 1950: 205</ref>

As Bunyan refused to agree to give up preaching, his period of imprisonment eventually extended to 12 years and brought great hardship to his family. Elizabeth, who made strenuous attempts to obtain his release, had been pregnant when her husband was arrested and she subsequently gave birth prematurely to a still-born child.<ref>Furlong 1975: 75</ref> Left to bring up four step-children, one of whom was blind, she had to rely on the charity of Bunyan's fellow members of the Bedford Meeting and other supporters and on what little her husband could earn in [[gaol]] by making shoelaces. But Bunyan remained resolute: "O I saw in this condition I was a man who was pulling down his house upon the head of his Wife and Children; yet thought I, I must do it, I must do it".<ref>Furlong 1975: 79</ref>

Bunyan spent his 12 years' imprisonment in Bedford County Gaol, which stood on the corner of the High Street and Silver Street. There were, however, occasions when he was allowed out of prison, depending on the gaolers and the mood of the authorities at the time, and he was able to attend the Bedford Meeting and even to preach. His daughter Sarah was born during his imprisonment (the other child of his second marriage, Joseph, was born after his release in 1672).<ref>Furlong 1975: 85</ref>

In prison, Bunyan had a copy of the Bible and of [[John Foxe]]'s ''[[Book of Martyrs]]'', as well as writing materials. He also had at times the company of other preachers who had been imprisoned. It was in Bedford Gaol that he wrote ''Grace Abounding'' and started work on ''The Pilgrim's Progress'', as well as penning several tracts that may have brought him a little money.<ref>Furlong 1975: 86</ref> In 1671, while still in prison, he was chosen as pastor of the Bedford Meeting.<ref>Furlong 1975: 87</ref> By that time there was a mood of increasing religious toleration in the country and in March 1672 the king issued a [[Declaration of Indulgence (1672)|declaration of indulgence]] which suspended penal laws against nonconformists. Thousands of nonconformists were released from prison, amongst them Bunyan and five of his fellow inmates of Bedford Gaol; Bunyan was freed in May 1672 and immediately obtained a licence to preach under the declaration of indulgence.<ref>Brittain 1950: 275–76</ref>

===Later life===
Following his release from prison in 1672 Bunyan probably did not return to his former occupation of a tinker. Instead, he devoted his time to writing and preaching.<ref name="auto1">Furlong 1975: 89</ref> He continued as pastor of the Bedford Meeting and traveled over Bedfordshire and adjoining counties on horseback to preach, becoming known affectionately as "Bishop Bunyan". His preaching also took him to London, where [[Lord Mayor of London|Lord Mayor Sir John Shorter]] became a friend and presented him with a silver-mounted walking stick.<ref name="auto1" />  ''The Pilgrim's Progress'' was published in 1678 by Nathaniel Ponder and immediately became popular, though probably making more money for its publisher than for its author.<ref name="auto1" />

Two events marred Bunyan's life during the later 1670s. Firstly he became embroiled in a scandal concerning a young woman called [[Agnes Beaumont]]. When going to preach in Gamlingay in 1674 he allowed Beaumont, a member of the Bedford Meeting, to ride [[pillion]] on his horse, much to the anger of her father, who then died suddenly. His daughter was initially suspected of poisoning him, though the coroner found he had died of natural causes.<ref>Brittain 1950: 286–92</ref> In 1676–7 he underwent a second term of imprisonment, lasting six months – probably for refusing to attend the parish church.<ref>, Furlong 1975: 88</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Pfatteicher|first1=Phillip H.|title=Walking Home Together: John Bunyan and the Pilgrim Church|journal=Pro Ecclesia|date=2016|volume=25|issue=1|pages=90–104|doi=10.1177/106385121602500106}}</ref>

[[File: John Bunyan effigy, Bunhill Fields.JPG|thumb|Bunyan's effigy on his grave in [[Bunhill Fields]]]]
In 1688, on his way to London to the house of his friend, grocer John Strudwick of [[Snow Hill, London|Snow Hill]], Bunyan made a detour to [[Reading, Berkshire|Reading]], Berkshire, to try and resolve a quarrel between a father and son. Travelling on from there to London, he was caught in a storm and fell ill with a fever. He died in Strudwick's house on the morning of 31 August 1688 and was buried in a tomb belonging to Strudwick in [[Bunhill Fields]] – the nonconformist burial ground in City Road London.<ref>Brittain 1950: 389–90, 394</ref>

Bunyan's estate at his death was worth £42 19s 0d (about £5,200 in 2021). His widow Elizabeth died in 1691.<ref>Furlong 1975: 392</ref>