Editing Johann Eck (section)

==Life==
Johann Eck was born '''Johann Maier''' at Eck (later Egg, near [[Memmingen|Memmingen, Swabia]]) and derived his additional surname from his birthplace, which he himself, after 1523, always modified into Eckius or Eccius, i.e. "of Eck". His father, Michael Maier, was a peasant and [[bailiff]], or ''[[Amtmann]]'', of the village. The boy's education was undertaken by his uncle, Martin Maier, parish priest at [[Rottenburg (Neckar)|Rottenburg]] on the river [[Neckar]].<ref name=EB1911/>

At the age of 12 he entered the [[University of Heidelberg]], which he left in the following year for [[university of Tübingen|Tübingen]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Johann Eck|url=https://www.newadvent.org/cathen/05271b.htm|access-date=2021-01-15|website=www.newadvent.org}}</ref> After taking his master's degree in 1501, he began the study of theology under Johann Jakob Lempp, and studied the elements of Hebrew and political economy with {{ill|Konrad Summenhart|de||it|Konrad Summerhart}}.<ref name=Schaff-Herzog/>

Johann Eck left [[Tübingen]] in 1501 on account of the plague and after a year at [[university of Cologne|Cologne]] finally settled at [[Albert Ludwigs University of Freiburg|Freiburg University]], at first as a student of theology and law and later as a successful teacher where he was mentor to the prominent [[Anabaptist]] leader of [[Waldshut-Tiengen|Waldshut]] and [[Mikulov|Nikolsburg]], [[Balthasar Hubmaier]], and later retaining this relationship during their move to the [[University of Ingolstadt]]. In 1508 he entered the priesthood in [[Strasbourg]] and two years later obtained his doctorate in theology.<ref name=Schaff-Herzog/>

At [[University of Freiburg|Freiburg]] in 1506 he published his first work, ''Ludicra logices exercitamenta''. At odds with his colleagues, he accepted a call to a theological chair at [[University of Ingolstadt|Ingolstadt]] in November 1510, also receiving a canon at Eichstadt. In 1512 he became prochancellor at the university and made the institution a bulwark of [[Catholicism]]. In the theological field he produced his ''Chrysopassus'' (Augsburg, 1514), in which he developed a theory of [[predestination]], and also commented on the ''Summulae'' of [[Peter of Spain (author)|Peter of Spain]] and on [[Aristotle]]'s ''De caelo'' and ''De anima''.<ref name=Schaff-Herzog/>

As a [[political economist]] he defended the lawfulness of putting out capital at interest,<ref>Heiko Oberman, "Masters of the Reformation", [Cambridge University Press, 1991], pp. 129</ref><ref name=Schaff-Herzog/><ref name=EB1911/> arguing his view at disputations at [[Augsburg]] (1514), [[Bologna]] (1515), and [[Vienna]] in 1516 where he also disputed about predestination. Through these successes he gained the patronage of the [[Fugger]]s.<ref name=EB1911/><ref>Walter I. Brandt, "Luther's Works", v. 45 [Muhlenberg Press, 1962], p. 305.</ref>

Between 1516 and 1520, in addition to all his other duties, he published commentaries on the ''Summulae'' of Petrus Hispanus, and on the ''Dialectics'', ''Physics'' and lesser scientific works of Aristotley. During these early years, Eck was considered a modern theologian, and his commentaries were informed by the [[New Learning]]. His aim, however, had been to find a ''[[via media]]'' between old and new.<ref name=EB1911/>
[[File:Johann Eck.jpg|thumb|Portrait of Johann Eck (1717)]]
He championed the cause of the papacy, writing ''De primatu Petri'' in 1519, and his ''Enchiridion locorum communium adversus Lutherum'' ran through 46 editions between 1525 and 1576. From 1530 to 1535 he published a collection of his writings against Luther, ''Opera contra Ludderum'', in 4 vols. He verbally assailed his friend, humanist and jurist [[Ulrich Zasius]], for a doctrine proclaimed ten years before, and [[Erasmus]]'s ''Annotationes in Novum Testamentum''. Eck died at [[Ingolstadt]] on 10 February 1543.<ref name=EB1911/>