Editing Joaquin Miller (section)

==Life==

===Early years and family===
Joaquin Miller's parents were Hulings Miller and Margaret (née Witt), who married January 3, 1836, in [[Union County, Indiana|Union County]], [[Indiana]].<ref>{{cite web|last1=Dodd|first1=Jordan|title=Indiana Marriages to 1850|url=http://www.ancestry.com|publisher=Ancestry.com Operations, Inc.|access-date=30 April 2015}}</ref> Their second son, Cincinnatus Hiner Miller, was born in 1837 near [[Liberty, Indiana|Union County]], [[Indiana]].<ref>
{{cite web
  | url = https://search.ancestry.com/cgi-bin/sse.dll?db=1840usfedcenancestry&gss=sfs28_ms_r_db&new=1&rank=1&gsfn=Hulings%20&gsfn_x=0&gsln=Miller&gsln_x=0&msypn__ftp=Fulton%20County%2C%20Indiana%2C%20USA
  | title = 1840 U.S. Census Search: (Hulings Miller Fulton County Indiana)
  | website = Ancestry.com
  |url-access=subscription 
  | access-date = April 7, 2018
}}{{closed access}}</ref><ref>Frost, 11</ref> For unknown reasons, Miller later claimed his birth date was November 10, 1841.<ref>Marberry, 1–3</ref> He said he was born in Millersville, Indiana, a town he claimed was founded by his father, while on a wagon heading west.<ref name=Hapke21>Hapke, Laura. ''Girls Who Went Wrong: Prostitutes in American Fiction, 1885-1917. Popular Press, 1989: 21. {{ISBN|0-87972-474-9}}</ref> After leaving Union County, Miller's father then moved the family to Grant County, Indiana to a location near the Mississinewa River and near the Miami Indian Reservation.<ref name=BLM>Bureau of Land Management, “Land Patent Search,” digital images, General Land Office Records (http://www.glorecords.blm.gov/PatentSearch {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221008173657/https://glorecords.blm.gov/PatentSearch |date=2022-10-08 }} : accessed 14 October 2019), Hulings Miller (Grant County, Indiana), patent no. 423.</ref> Besides adopting the pen name "Joaquin", he later changed his middle name from Hiner to Heine to evoke the German poet [[Heinrich Heine]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Joaquin Miller|url=https://localwiki.org/oakland/Joaquin_Miller|website=Oakland Wiki|publisher=Local Wiki|access-date=30 April 2015}}</ref>

While Miller was a young boy, probably between 1850 and 1852,<ref>{{cite web|title=Joaquin Miller Timeline|url=http://www.joaquinmiller.com/timeline.html|website=Margaret Guilford-Kardell's Bibliography on the Life, Times, and Exploits of Cincinnatus Hiner Miller}}</ref> his family moved to Oregon and settled in the [[Willamette Valley]], establishing a farm in what would become [[Lane County, Oregon|Lane County]].

As a young man, he moved to northern [[California]] during the [[California Gold Rush]] years, and had a variety of adventures, including spending a year living in a [[Native Americans in the United States|Native American]] village, and being wounded in a battle with Native Americans. A number of his popular works, ''[[Life Amongst the Modocs]],''<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QvJkcXOKcTsC&q=life+amongst+the+modocs |title=Unwritten History: Life Amongst the Modocs - Joaquin Miller - Google Boeken |access-date=2012-08-19|last1=Miller |first1=Joaquin |year=1874 |isbn=9780598284372 }}</ref> ''An Elk Hunt'',<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.notfrisco.com/calmem/miller/elk.html |title=California Reader - Joaquin Miller |publisher=Notfrisco.com |access-date=2012-08-19 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120717072952/http://www.notfrisco.com/calmem/miller/elk.html |archive-date=2012-07-17 }}</ref> and ''[[Battle of Castle Crags|The Battle of Castle Crags]]'', draw on these experiences. He was wounded in the cheek and neck with an arrow during this latter battle, recuperating at the Gold Rush-era mining town of [[Portuguese Flat, California|Portuguese Flat]].

===Wanderings and early writings===
He accompanied [[William Walker (filibuster)|William Walker]] on the latter's 1855 [[Filibuster (military)|filibustering]] expedition to Nicaragua.<ref name=ea/><ref name=nie>{{Cite NIE|wstitle=Miller, Cincinnatus Heine|year=1905}}</ref> In the spring of 1857, Miller took part in an expedition against the [[Pit River Tribe]] after they killed a white man on [[Pit River]].<ref>Peterson, 37</ref> Years later, he claimed that he had sided with the Native Americans and was run out of town for it.<ref>Marberry, 23</ref> He was widely rumored to have married an Indian woman, possibly a [[Wintu]] woman who nursed him back to health after he was wounded by Modocs, and to have fathered with her a daughter named Cali-Shasta, or "Lily of the Shasta."<ref>{{cite book|last1=Miller|first1=Joaquin|title=Life Amongst the Modocs|date=1996|publisher=Heyday Press|isbn=978-0-930588-79-3|pages=404–406|url=https://heydaybooks.com/book/life-amongst-the-modocs-unwrit/|access-date=27 April 2015|archive-date=22 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150922164028/https://heydaybooks.com/book/life-amongst-the-modocs-unwrit/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Although Miller soon left the area to pursue other adventures, in the 1870s he sought out Cali-Shasta, then in her teens, and took her to San Francisco to be educated by his friend [[Ina Coolbrith]].<ref name="MillerTimeline2008">{{cite web |url=http://www.joaquinmiller.com/timeline/2008_08.pdf |title=Readers' Updates of the Joaquin Miller Timeline |last1=Guilford-Kardell |first1=Margaret |last2=McKeown |first2=Scott |date=August 2008 |work=Margaret Guilford-Kardell's Bibliography on the Life, Times, and Exploits of Cincinnatus Hiner Miller |publisher=JoaquinMiller.com |access-date=March 2, 2010}}</ref> Contemporaries believed that Miller's "Indian wife" was the woman later kidnapped by [[Modoc people|Modocs]] and held in captivity for some years until rescued by a man named Jim Brock (whom she married), but when "Amanda Brock" died in 1909, Miller denied news reports describing his supposed romance with her. He credited her with saving his life, but said she had always been a platonic friend.<ref>
{{cite news
  | url = https://www.newspapers.com/search/#lnd=1&query=James+Brock&ymd=1909-06-10&t=2
  | title = Poet Denies Indian Wife
  | access-date = April 7, 2018
  | publisher = [[Oakland Tribune]]
  | date =June 10, 1909
  | page = 4
  |url-access=subscription 
}}{{closed access}}</ref><ref>
{{cite news
  | url = https://www.newspapers.com/search/#lnd=1&query=Miller%27s+indian+wife+is+dead&ymd=1909-06-09&t=2
  | title = Miller's Indian Wife is Dead
  | access-date = April 7, 2018
  | publisher = [[Oakland Tribune]]
  | date = June 9, 1909
  | page = 7
  |url-access=subscription 
}}{{closed access}}</ref>

Spending a short time in the mining camps of northern Idaho, Miller found his way to [[Canyon City, Oregon|Canyon City]], Oregon by 1864 where he was elected the third Judge of [[Grant County, Oregon|Grant County]]. His old cabin in Canyon City is still standing.

Miller's exploits included a variety of occupations: mining-camp cook (who came down with [[scurvy]] from only eating what he cooked), lawyer and a judge, newspaper writer, [[Pony Express]] rider, and horse thief. On July 10, 1859, Miller was caught stealing a horse gelding valued at $80, a saddle worth $15, and other items.<ref>Peterson, 40</ref> He was jailed briefly in [[Shasta County, California|Shasta County]] for the crime, and various accounts give other incidents of his repeating this crime in California and Oregon.
[[File:Maud Miller (Manhattan Mercury, 1899).png|thumb|Maud Miller, one of his daughters]]
Miller earned an estimated $3,000 working as a Pony Express rider, and used the money to move to Oregon. With the help of his friend, Senator [[Joseph Lane]], he became editor of the ''Democratic Register'' in [[Eugene, Oregon|Eugene]],<ref>Marberry, 44</ref> a role he held from March 15 to September 20, 1862.<ref>Peterson, 50</ref> Though no copies survive, it was known as sympathetic to the [[Confederate States of America|Confederacy]] until it was forced to shut down<ref>Marberry, 45</ref> because of its treasonable character.<ref name=ea/> That year, Miller married Theresa Dyer on September 12, 1862, in her home four days after meeting her<ref>Frost, 36</ref> in [[Port Orford, Oregon|Port Orford]], Oregon. He had corresponded with her after exchanging poems with her for critique and chasing away a competing suitor.<ref>Marberry, 45–46</ref> She published poetry under the pen name "Minnie Myrtle" and later, as [[Minnie Myrtle Miller]].<ref name=acab>{{Cite Appletons'|wstitle=Miller, Cincinnatus Heine|year=1900}}</ref> The couple had three children: Maud, George, and Henry, although Miller would later claim the baby Henry was not his own.{{citation needed|date=April 2015}}

In 1868, Miller paid for the publication of 500 copies of his first book of poetry, ''Specimens''.<ref>Marberry, 55</ref> It was unnoticed and Miller gave away more copies than he sold. Few have survived.<ref>Frost, 55</ref> The author's despair and disappointment was reflected in his second book, ''Joaquin et al.'', the next year.<ref>Lewis, Nathaniel. ''Unsettling the Literary West: Authenticity and Authorship''. University of Nebraska Press, 2003: 98. {{ISBN|0-8032-2938-0}}</ref>

Dyer filed for divorce on April 4, 1870, claiming they had a third child, Henry Mark, the year before and that Miller was "wholly" neglectful.<ref>Frost, 44</ref> The court declared them divorced on April 19 and Dyer was granted custody of the baby while the two older children were left in the care of her mother. Miller was ordered to pay $200 per year in child support.<ref>Frost, 46</ref> Miller believed the divorce prevented him from being nominated for a seat on the [[Oregon Supreme Court]].<ref>Peterson, 58</ref> He never denied her charges that he was neglectful of her and their children and was rarely home.<ref>Marberry, 58–59</ref> He also may have had an affair with actress [[Adah Isaacs Menken]] shortly into the marriage.<ref>Marberry, 47–48</ref>

===Travels===
[[File:Photograph of Joaquin Miller.jpg|thumb|Joaquin Miller, 1903]]
Miller had sent a copy of ''Joaquin, et al.'' to [[Bret Harte]], who offered advice that he avoid "faults of excess" and encouragingly wrote, "you are on your way to become a poet."<ref>Nissen, Axel. ''Bret Harte: Prince and Pauper''. University of Mississippi Press, 2000: 93–94. {{ISBN|978-1-57806-253-9}}</ref> The next summer, July 1870, Miller traveled to [[San Francisco]] with borrowed money and there befriended [[Charles Warren Stoddard]] and Ina Coolbrith. Stoddard was the first to meet him at the dock and, as he recalled, Miller's first words to him were, "Well, let us go and talk with the poets."<ref>Marberry, 64</ref>

Miller went to England, where he was celebrated as a frontier oddity. There, in May 1871, Miller published ''Songs of the Sierras'', the book which finalized his nickname as the "Poet of the Sierras".<ref>Marberry, 93–94</ref> It was well received by the British press and members of the [[Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood]], particularly [[Dante Gabriel Rossetti]] and [[William Michael Rossetti]].

While in England, he was one of the few Americans invited into the [[Savage Club]] along with [[Julian Hawthorne]], son of [[Nathaniel Hawthorne]]. The younger Hawthorne referred to Miller as "a licensed libertine" but admitted to finding him "charming, amiable, and harmless".<ref>Marberry, 85–86</ref> Rather abruptly, Miller left England in September 1871 and landed in New York. At the encouragement of family, he made his way to [[Easton, Pennsylvania]] to visit his dying brother before returning to Oregon; his father died shortly thereafter. Miller eventually settled in California, where he grew fruit and published his poems and other works.

In 1877, Miller adapted his ''First Fam'lies of the Sierras'' into a play, ''The Danites, or, the Heart of the Sierras''. It opened on August 22 in New York with [[McKee Rankin]] as the main character.<ref>Marberry, 158–159</ref> The anti-[[Mormons|Mormon]] play, which featured [[Danite]]s hunting the daughter of one of the murderers of [[Joseph Smith]], became one of the most commercially successful in a series of anti-Mormon dramas at the time. The ''[[Spirit of the Times]]'', however, attributed its success to curious audience members expecting a disastrous failure and instead discovering a good show: "The play proved to possess more than ordinary merit, and if it is not a great work, it is decidedly not a very bad one."<ref>Jones, Megan Sanborn. ''Performing American Identity in Anti-Mormon Melodrama''. Taylor & Francis, 2009: 103. {{ISBN|978-0-415-80059-4}}</ref> ''The Danites'' was extended from a run of only a few days to one of seven straight weeks before moving to another theatre and, ultimately, was performed to such a degree that it rivaled the popularity of ''[[Tom Shows|Uncle Tom's Cabin]]''.<ref>Marberry, 159–160</ref> It was published in book form later in 1877.<ref name=Peterson179>Peterson, 179</ref> Miller later admitted that he regretted the anti-Mormon tone.<ref>Marberry, 160</ref>

Miller married for a third time on September 8, 1879 to Abigail Leland, in [[New York City]].

===Later years and death===
[[File:Joaquin Miller 1905.jpg|thumb|left|Miller circa 1905]]
In 1886, Miller published ''The Destruction of Gotham'', a book which was one of the earliest to depict a prostitute as a heroine.<ref name=Hapke21/> That year, he moved to Oakland, California, and built a home for himself he nicknamed "[[Joaquin Miller House|The Abbey]]" on property he called "[[Joaquin Miller Park|The Hights]]" {{sic}}. He remained there until his death in 1913.<ref name=chl>{{cite ohp |id=107 |name=Joaquin Miller Home |accessdate=2012-03-30}}</ref>

Japanese poet [[Yone Noguchi]] came to The Hights in 1894 and spent the next four years there as an unpaid laborer in exchange for room and board. While living there, he published his first book, ''Seen or Unseen; or, Monologues of a Homeless Snail'' (1897). Though he referred to Miller as "the most natural man", Noguchi reflected on those years as his most difficult in the United States and later fictionalized his experience in ''[[The American Diary of a Japanese Girl]]''.<ref>Wyatt, David. ''Five Fires: Race, Catastrophe, and the Shaping of California''. Oxford University Press, 1999: 188. {{ISBN|0-19-512741-2}}</ref>

In 1897, Miller traveled to the [[Yukon]] as a newspaper correspondent.<ref>Marberry, 237</ref> He saw [[Alaska]] for the first time on July 30.<ref>Frost, 110</ref> His dispatches, many of which were written before reaching Alaska, incorrectly implied an easy and inexpensive trip. Miller himself nearly froze to death; two toes were lost to [[frostbite]].<ref>Marberry, 238–242</ref>

Miller died on February 17, 1913, surrounded by friends and family. His last words were recorded as "Take me away; take me away!"<ref name=Peterson179/> The poet had asked to be cremated by friends in the funeral pyre he built at The Hights with no religious ceremony and without being embalmed. His wishes were mostly ignored and the funeral on February 19 drew thousands of curious onlookers.<ref>Marberry, 280–281</ref> The preacher who spoke referred to Miller as "the last of America's great poets."<ref>Frost, 112</ref> On May 23, members of the [[Bohemian Club]] of San Francisco and the Press Club returned to Miller's funeral pyre to burn the urn which contained his ashes, allowing them to scatter. He had left no [[will (law)|will]] and his estate — estimated at $100,000 — was divided between his wife, Abigail and daughter, Juanita.<ref>Marberry, 282–283</ref>