Editing Joanna of Castile (section)

==Early life==

[[File:Los Reyes Católicos y la infanta doña Juana.jpg|thumb|upright|left|Joanna with her parents, Isabella and Ferdinand; "''Rimado de la conquista de Granada''", by Pedro Marcuello, {{circa}} 1482]]
Joanna was born on 6 November 1479 in the city of [[Toledo, Spain|Toledo]] in the [[Kingdom of Castile]]. She was the fourth but third surviving child and the second daughter of [[Isabella I of Castile]] and [[Ferdinand II of Aragon]], both members of the [[House of Trastámara]].

She had a fair complexion and brown eyes, and her hair colour was between strawberry-blonde and auburn, like her mother and her sister [[Catherine of Aragon|Catherine]]. Her siblings were Isabella, Queen of Portugal; John, Prince of Asturias; [[Maria of Aragon, Queen of Portugal|Maria, Queen of Portugal]]; and Catherine, Queen of England.<ref>Catherine was the first wife of [[Henry VIII]] and the mother of [[Mary I of England]].</ref>

===Education===
Joanna was educated and formally trained for a significant marriage that, as a royal family alliance, would extend the kingdom's power and security as well as its influence and peaceful relations with other ruling powers. As an ''[[Infanta]]'' (princess), she was not expected to be heiress to the throne of either Castile or Aragon, although through deaths she later inherited both thrones.<ref name="Gelardi">{{cite book |last=Gelardi |first=Julia P. |title=In Triumph's Wake: Royal Mothers, Tragic Daughters, and the Price They Paid for Glory |date=2009 |publisher=St. Martin's Griffin}}</ref>

Joanna's academic education consisted of canon and civil law, genealogy and heraldry, grammar, history, languages, mathematics, philosophy, reading, spelling and writing.{{r|Gelardi|page=61}} Among the authors of classical literature she read were the Christian poets [[Juvencus]] and [[Prudentius]], Church fathers Saint [[Ambrose]], Saint [[Augustine]], Saint [[Pope Gregory I|Gregory]], and Saint [[Jerome]], and the Roman statesman [[Seneca the Younger|Seneca]].{{r|Gelardi|page=61}}

In the Castilian court Joanna's main tutors were the [[Dominican Order|Dominican priest]] Andrés de Miranda; educator [[Beatriz Galindo]], who was a member of the queen's court; and her mother, the queen. Joanna's royal education included court etiquette, dancing, drawing, [[Equestrianism|equestrian]] skills, music, and the needle arts of embroidery, needlepoint, and sewing.{{r|Gelardi|page=61}} She studied the [[Iberian Romance languages]] of [[Spanish language|Castilian]], [[Leonese language|Leonese]], [[Galician-Portuguese]] and [[Catalan language|Catalan]], and became fluent in French and Latin. She learned outdoor pursuits such as hawking and hunting. She was skilled at dancing and music; she played the [[clavichord]], the guitar, and the [[monochord]].

===Marriage===
[[File:Huwelijkscontract.Filips de Schone en Johanna van Castilië.JPG|thumb|left|The marriage contract of Joanna and Philip (1496).]]
In 1496, 16-year-old Joanna was betrothed to 18-year-old Philip of [[Habsburg monarchy|Austria]], in the [[Low Countries]]. Philip's parents were [[Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor]], and his first wife, Duchess [[Mary of Burgundy]]. The marriage was one of a set of family alliances between the Habsburgs and the Trastámaras designed to strengthen both against growing French power.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Pavić |first=Milorad |url=https://www.croris.hr/crosbi/publikacija/prilog-knjiga/59702 |title=Marriage Politics of the European Royal Dinasties in the Early Modern Period |last2=Marin |first2=Ina |date=2017 |publisher=Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Marii Curie-Skłodowskiej |isbn=978-83-7784-990-3 |language=}}</ref>

Joanna entered a [[proxy marriage]] at the [[Royal Audiencia and Chancillería of Valladolid|Palacio de los Vivero]] in the city of [[Valladolid]], Castile, where her parents had secretly married in 1469. In August 1496 Joanna left from the port of [[Laredo, Cantabria|Laredo]] in northern Castile on the Atlantic's [[Bay of Biscay]]. Except for 1506, when she saw her younger sister Catherine, the then-Dowager Princess of Wales, she would never see her siblings again.

[[File:Philip the Fair and Joanna of Castile.jpg|thumb|left|300px| Joanna of Castile and Philip the Fair, stained glass, Basilica of the Holy Blood in Bruges.]]

Joanna began her journey to [[Habsburg Netherlands|Brabant]] in the Low Countries, which consisted of parts of the present day Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg, France, and Germany, on 22 August 1496. The formal marriage took place on 20 October 1496 in [[Lier, Belgium|Lier]],<ref name="Aram37"/> north of present-day Brussels. Between 1498 and 1507, she gave birth to six children, two boys and four girls, all of whom grew up to be either emperors or queens.<ref>[[Eleanor of Austria|Eleanor of Austria, Queen of France and Portugal]], [[Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor]], [[Isabella of Austria|Isabella of Austria, Queen of Denmark]], 
[[Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor]], [[Mary, Queen of Hungary]], and [[Catherine of Austria, Queen of Portugal]].</ref>

===Princess of Asturias===
The death of Joanna's brother John, the stillbirth of John's daughter, and the deaths of Joanna's older sister Isabella and Isabella's son Miguel made Joanna heiress to the Spanish kingdoms. Her remaining siblings were Maria (1482–1517) and Catherine (1485–1536), younger than Joanna by three and six years respectively.

In 1502, the Castilian ''Cortes'' of Toro<ref name="Colmeiro">{{cite book|last=Colmeiro|first=Manuel|title=Cortes de los antiguos reinos de León y de Castilla|year=1883|publisher=Rivadeneyra| location=Madrid|url=https://archive.org/details/cortesdelosantigu02colm}}</ref>{{rp|36–69}}<ref name="moneda Juana">Francisco Olmos, ''Estudio documental de la moneda castellana de Juana la Loca fabricada''</ref>{{rp|303}} recognised Joanna as heiress to the Castilian throne and Philip as her consort. She was named [[Prince of Asturias|Princess of Asturias]], the title traditionally given to the heir of Castile.<ref name="Aram">Aram, Bethany. (1998) [https://www.jstor.org/stable/2544520 "Juana 'the Mad's' Signature: The Problem of Invoking Royal Authority, 1505–1507"] ''Sixteenth Century Journal,'' 29(2), 331–358. {{doi|10.2307/2544520}}</ref> Also in 1502, the [[Cortes of Aragon|Aragonese ''Cortes'']] gathered in [[Zaragoza]] to swear an oath to Joanna as heiress; however, the [[Archbishop of Zaragoza]], [[Alonso de Aragón]] expressed firmly that this oath could only establish [[jurisprudence]] by way of a formal agreement on the succession between the ''Cortes'' and the king.<ref name="moneda Carlos">Francisco Olmos,
''Estudio documental de la moneda castellana de Carlos I''</ref>{{rp|137}}<ref name="moneda Juana"/>{{rp|299}}

In 1502, Philip, Joanna and a large part of their court traveled to Toledo for Joanna to receive fealty from the Cortes of Castile as Princess of Asturias, heiress to the Castilian throne, a journey chronicled in great detail by [[Antoon I van Lalaing]] ({{langx|fr|link=no|Antoine de Lalaing}}). Philip and the majority of the court returned to the [[Low Countries]] in the following year, leaving a pregnant Joanna in [[Madrid]], where she gave birth to her fourth child, Ferdinand, later a central European monarch and [[Holy Roman Emperor]] as [[Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor|Ferdinand I]].