Editing Jie people (section)

==Name and origins==
There are widely differing accounts of the exact ethnic origins of the Jie, with two theories uncertainly suggesting that the [[Jie language]] was either [[Turkic languages|Turkic]]<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Shimunek, Andrew |last2=Beckwith, Christopher I. |last3=North Washington, Jonathan |last4=Kontovas, Nicholas |last5=Niyaz, Kurban |date=2015 |title=The Earliest Attested Turkic Language |url=https://doi.org/10.2143/JA.303.1.3085124 |journal=Journal Asiatique |issue=1 |pages=143–151 |doi=10.2143/JA.303.1.3085124 |issn=1783-1504}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |last=Yakup |first=Abdurishid |title=‘Lacuna filling’ in Old Turkic Runiform Inscriptions and Old Uyghur Texts |date=2015-12-31 |work=Interpreting the Turkic Runiform Sources and the Position of the Altai Corpus |pages=206–214 |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/9783112208953-020 |access-date=2024-08-27 |publisher=De Gruyter}}</ref> or [[Yeniseian languages|Yeniseian]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Kim |first1=Hyun Jin |title=The Huns, Rome and the Birth of Europe |date=2013 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-107-06722-6 |page=176 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fX8YAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA176 |language=en}}</ref>{{sfn|Shimunek|Beckwith|Washington|Kontovas|2015|p=149}} According to Sinologist Mark Edward Lewis, the Jie were of [[Indo-European]] origin (probably [[Iranian languages|Iranian]]).{{efn|Medieval Sinologist David A. Graff suggests Central Asian or Iranian origins.{{sfn|Graff|2002|p=74}}}}{{sfn|Lewis|2009|pp=82–83}}

According to the ''[[Book of Wei]]'' (6th century AD), the name Jie was derived from the Jiéshì area (羯室, modern [[Yushe County]] in [[Shanxi]] province), where the Jie resided.<ref>{{cite book|title=魏書|last=Wei|first=Shou|year=554|trans-title=[[Book of Wei]]|author-link=Wei Shou}}, Vol. 95.</ref><ref name="Taskin">{{cite book|last=Taskin|first=V. S.|publisher=[[Nauka (publisher)|Nauka]]|year=1990|isbn=5-02-016543-3|series=Материалы по истории кочевых народов в Китае III–V вв. [Materials on the history of nomadic peoples in China. 3rd–5th cc. AD]|volume=2|location=Moscow|language=ru|script-title=ru:Цзе|trans-title=Jie}}</ref>{{rp|6, 149}}

According to the ''[[Book of Jin]]'', the ancestors of [[Shi Le]] were a part of the multi-ethnic [[Xiongnu|Southern Xiongnu]] tribe known as ''Qiāngqú'' (羌渠), although by the 4th-century, Shi Le and his people were classed separate from the Xiongnu as a "miscellaneous ''[[Hu (people)|hu]]''" (雜胡; záhú) group.<ref>{{cite book|last=Fang|first=Xuanling|publisher=[[Commercial Press]]|year=1958|location=Beijing|language=zh|script-title=zh:晉書|trans-title=[[Book of Jin]]|author-link=Fang Xuanling|volume= 104}}</ref> [[Edwin G. Pulleyblank|Edwin Pulleyblank]] believes the ''Qiangqu'' represent the [[Kangju]] state of [[Sogdia]].<ref name="Pulleyblank" />{{rp|247}} Although Pulleyblank suggested that they might have been [[Tocharians|Tocharian]] in origin, most scholars believe that Kangju was constituted by an [[Eastern Iranian]] people. Some have linked the names Shi (石) and Jie (羯) to a Sogdian statelet known as 石國 ''Shíguó'' (literally, "Stone Country", at [[Tashkent#History as Chach|Chach]] ''Zhěshí'' 赭時, now [[Tashkent]], also meaning "Stone City" in [[Common Turkic]]). Also, [[An Lushan]], a [[Tang dynasty|Tang]] rebel general, had a Sogdian stepfather and was called a ''Jiehu''.

The name of the parent house of [[Turko-Mongol]] [[Barlas]] and [[Borjigin]] clans (house of [[Genghis Khan]] and [[Timur]]) was [[Kiyat]], almost identical to the [[Middle Chinese]] pronunciation of the name Jie, ''/ki̯at/''.<ref name="Pulleyblank"/>

Others claim that the Jie were an ancient [[Yeniseian languages|Yeniseian-speaking]] tribe related to the [[Ket people]], who today live between the [[Ob River|Ob]] and [[Yenisei River|Yenisey]] rivers&mdash;the character 羯 (''jié'') is pronounced ''/kiɛt̚/'' in [[Hokkien]], ''/kʰiːt̚/'' or ''/kiːt̚/'' in [[Cantonese]], ''/ciat̚/'' in [[Hakka Chinese|Hakka]] and ''ketsu'' in [[Japanese language|Japanese]], implying that the ancient pronunciation might have been fairly close to ''Ket (kʰet)''.{{efn|1=[[Western Washington University]] historical linguist [[Edward Vajda]] spent a year in [[Siberia]] studying the Ket people and their language and his findings helped substantiate such conjecture into the origins of the Ket people, where DNA claims show genetic affinities with people of China and Myanmar, suggesting a [[Sino-Tibetan]] origin.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://pandora.cii.wwu.edu/vajda/ea210/ket.htm |title=East Asian Studies 210 Notes: The Ket |access-date=2009-10-09 |archive-date=2019-04-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190406214043/http://pandora.cii.wwu.edu/vajda/ea210/ket.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> He further [[Dene-Yeniseian languages|proposes a relationship]] of the Ket language to the [[Na-Dene languages]] indigenous to Canada and western United States, and even suggests the tonal system of the Ket language is closer to that of [[Vietnamese people|Vietnamese]] than any of the native Siberian languages.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=-6050673836854498204 |title=The Ket People |via= Google Video |access-date=2009-10-09 |archive-date=2007-03-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070303083233/http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=-6050673836854498204 |url-status=dead }}</ref>}} The root {{Zh|c={{linktext|羯}}|labels=no}} may be transliterated as ''Jié''- or ''Tsze<sup>2</sup>''- and an older form, < ''kiat'', may also be reconstructed. This ethnonym might be cognate with the ethnonyms of Yeniseian-speaking peoples, such as the [[Ket people|Ket]] and the [[Kott people|Kott]] (who spoke the extinct [[Kott language]], but their ethnonym is believed to have Buryat origins). Pulleyblank (1962) connected the ethnonym to [[Proto-Yeniseian]] *'''qeˀt'''/'''s''' "stone". Vovin et al. (2016) also pointed to *'''keˀt''' "person, human being" as another possible source.<ref name=":0">Vovin et al. "Who were the *Kjet" (羯) and what language did they speak?" ''Journal Asiatique'' 304.1 (2016): 125–144 [126–127]</ref> [[Alexander Vovin]] also suggests that the Xiongnu spoke a Yeniseian language, further connecting them with the Jie people.<ref name=":1">Vovin, Alexander. "Did the Xiongnu speak a Yeniseian language?". ''[[Central Asiatic Journal]]'' 44/1 (2000), pp. 87–104.</ref>

Among the Yeniseian languages, Jie is hypothesized to be [[Pumpokol language|Pumpokolic]]. Vovin, [[Edward Vajda|Vajda]], and [[Étienne de la Vaissière|de la Vaissière]] have suggested that Jie shares the same idiosyncrasies with the Pumpokol language, and the two are therefore closely related. This argument is strengthened by the fact that in northern Mongolia, Yeniseian-derived hydronyms have been demonstrated to be exclusively Pumpokolic, while influence from other Yeniseian languages is only found further north.<ref name=":0" /> This therefore lends credence to the theory that the Jie are a Pumpokolic-speaking tribe, and confirms that the Pumpokolic-speaking Yeniseians existed in the core territory of the Xiongnu state.

Other sources link the Jie to the [[Lesser Yuezhi]] (''Xiao Yuezhi'' 小月氏), who remained in China as vassals of the Xiongnu and then the [[Han dynasty]].<ref name="Haw">{{harvnb|Haw|2006|p=201}}</ref>

According to Chen Yong, while Shi Le and his biological family were ethnically Jie, the other recorded "Jie" in history were from a wide array of miscellaneous ''[[Hu (people)|hu]]'' tribes in [[Bingzhou|Bing province]] and [[Hebei]], who only adopted the label during the rise of Shi Le and Later Zhao. Chen asserts that Shi Le, due to the small population of the actual Jie in contrast to the numerous other ''hu'' that made up his power base, undertook ethnic policies to unite the assortment of people under a common "Jie" or "''guoren''" (國人; countryman) identity, which would explain the sudden spike of the Jie population around this time. He also adds that a considerable number of these ''hu'' were from the [[Western Regions]], citing the claim of their high noses and full beards, and that there were instances of the Han Chinese becoming part of the Jie.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Chen |first=Yong |date=2008 |title=《后赵羯胡为流寓河北之并州杂胡说》 |journal=民族研究 |issue=1 |pages=66–75}}</ref>