Editing Jean-Pierre Boyer (section)

==Early life and education==
Boyer was born in [[Port-au-Prince]] and was the biracial son of a [[French people|French]] tailor and an African mother, a former [[slave]] from the Congo.<ref>Hazard (1873), p. 167</ref> He was sent to [[France]] by his father for his education. During the [[French Revolution]], he served as a [[battalion]] commander, and fought against [[Toussaint Louverture]] in the early years of the Haitian Revolution. He later allied himself with [[André Rigaud]], also of [[mulatto]] ancestry, in the latter's abortive insurrection against Toussaint to try to keep control of the southern region of [[Saint-Domingue]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kentake |first=Meserette |date=2015-07-09 |title=Jean-Pierre Boyer: President of Haiti from 1818 to 1843 |url=https://kentakepage.com/jean-pierre-boyer-president-of-haiti-from-1818-to-1843/ |access-date=2024-01-20 |website=Kentake Page |language=en-US}}</ref>

After going into exile in France, Boyer and [[Alexandre Pétion]] returned in 1802 with the French troops led by General [[Charles Leclerc (general, born 1772)|Charles Leclerc]]. After it became clear the French were going to try to reimpose slavery and restrictions on free ''[[gens de couleur]]'', Boyer joined the patriots under Pétion and [[Jean-Jacques Dessalines]], who led the colony to independence. After Pétion rose to power in the Republic of Haiti in the South, he chose Boyer as his successor. He was reportedly under the influence of his (and his predecessor's) lover, [[Marie-Madeleine Lachenais]], who acted as his political adviser.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.haiticulture.ch/Madeleine_Lachenais.html |title=Femmes d'Haiti : Marie-Madeleine (Joute) Lachenais |access-date=2012-08-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924024729/http://www.haiticulture.ch/Madeleine_Lachenais.html |archive-date=2015-09-24 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

When [[Santo Domingo]] became independent late in 1821, Boyer was quick to occupy and gain control, uniting the entire island under his rule by 9 February 1822. Boyer ruled the island of [[Hispaniola]] until 1843, when he lost the support of the ruling elite and was ousted.<ref>{{cite book
| first= Jan
| last= Rogozinski
| year= 1999
| title= A Brief History of the Caribbean
| edition= Revised
| publisher= Facts on File, Inc.
| location= New York
| pages= [https://archive.org/details/briefhistoryofca00rogo_0/page/218 218–220]
| isbn= 0-8160-3811-2
| url-access= registration
| url= https://archive.org/details/briefhistoryofca00rogo_0/page/218
}}</ref>