Editing Jazz (section)

== <span id="Definition"></span> Etymology and definition==
{{Main|Jazz (word)|l1=''Jazz'' (word)}}
[[File:EubieBlake.jpg|thumb|American jazz composer, lyricist, and pianist [[Eubie Blake]] made an early contribution to the genre's etymology.]]

The origin of the word ''[[jazz (word)|jazz]]'' has resulted in considerable research, and its history is well documented. It is believed to be related to ''jasm'', a slang term dating back to 1860 meaning {{gloss|pep, energy}}.<ref name="baseball"/><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=2018-02-26 |title=Where Did 'Jazz,' the Word, Come From? Follow a Trail of Clues, in Deep Dive with Lewis Porter |url=https://www.wbgo.org/music/2018-02-26/where-did-jazz-the-word-come-from-follow-a-trail-of-clues-in-deep-dive-with-lewis-porter |access-date=2024-02-09 |website=WBGO |language=en}}</ref> The earliest written record of the word is in a 1912 article in the ''[[Los Angeles Times]]'' in which a minor league baseball pitcher described a pitch which he called a 'jazz ball' "because it wobbles and you simply can't do anything with it".<ref name="baseball">{{cite news |last1=Wilton |first1=Dave |title=The Baseball Origin of 'Jazz' |url=http://blog.oxforddictionaries.com/2015/04/jazz-baseball |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150407014127/http://blog.oxforddictionaries.com/2015/04/jazz-baseball/  |archive-date=April 7, 2015 |access-date=20 June 2016 |work=OxfordDictionaries.com |publisher=Oxford University Press |date=6 April 2015}}</ref><ref name=":2"/>

The use of the word in a musical context was documented as early as 1915 in the ''[[Chicago Daily Tribune]].''<ref name=":2"/><ref name=CDT>{{Cite news |url=http://www.omf.paris-sorbonne.fr/IMG/pdf/1915_article_Seagrove.pdf |title=Blues is Jazz and Jazz Is Blues |last=Seagrove |first=Gordon |newspaper=[[Chicago Tribune|Chicago Daily Tribune]] |date=July 11, 1915 |access-date=November 4, 2011  |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120130130212/http://www.omf.paris-sorbonne.fr/IMG/pdf/1915_article_Seagrove.pdf |archive-date=January 30, 2012 |via=[[Paris-Sorbonne University]]}} Archived at Observatoire Musical Français, [[Paris-Sorbonne University]].</ref> Its first documented use in a musical context in New Orleans was in a November 14, 1916, ''[[Times-Picayune]]'' article about "jas bands".<ref>{{cite web|author=Benjamin Zimmer|author-link=Benjamin Zimmer| title="Jazz": A Tale of Three Cities |url=http://www.visualthesaurus.com/cm/wordroutes/1876 |website=Word Routes |publisher=The Visual Thesaurus|date=June 8, 2009 |access-date=June 8, 2009}}</ref> In an interview with [[National Public Radio]], musician [[Eubie Blake]] offered his recollections of the slang connotations of the term, saying: "When Broadway picked it up, they called it 'J-A-Z-Z'. It wasn't called that. It was spelled 'J-A-S-S'. That was dirty, and if you knew what it was, you wouldn't say it in front of ladies."<ref name="Vitale">{{cite news |last1=Vitale |first1=Tom |title=The Musical That Ushered In The Jazz Age Gets Its Own Musical |url=https://www.npr.org/2016/03/19/470879654/the-musical-that-ushered-in-the-jazz-age-gets-its-own-musical |website=NPR |access-date= January 2, 2019 |date= March 19, 2016}}</ref> The [[American Dialect Society]] named it the [[word of the year|Word of the 20th Century]].<ref name="century">{{cite web |title=1999 Words of the Year, Word of the 1990s, Word of the 20th Century, Word of the Millennium |url=https://www.americandialect.org/1999_words_of_the_year_word_of_the_1990s_word_of_the_20th_century |website=American Dialect Society |access-date=2 January 2019 |date=13 January 2000}}</ref>

[[File:Albert Gleizes, 1915, Composition pour Jazz, oil on cardboard, 73 x 73 cm, Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum, New York.jpg|thumb|[[Albert Gleizes]], 1915, ''[[Composition for "Jazz"]]'' from the Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum, New York]]

Jazz is difficult to define because it encompasses a wide range of music spanning a period of over 100 years, from [[ragtime]] to [[rock music|rock]]-infused [[Jazz fusion|fusion]]. Attempts have been made to define jazz from the perspective of other musical traditions, such as European music history or African music. But critic [[Joachim-Ernst Berendt]] argues that its terms of reference and its definition should be broader,<ref name="Joachim E. Berendt 1981. Page 371">Joachim E. Berendt. ''The Jazz Book: From Ragtime to Fusion and Beyond''. Translated by H. and B. Bredigkeit with Dan Morgenstern. 1981. Lawrence Hill Books, p. 371.</ref> defining jazz as a "form of [[art music]] which originated in the United States through the confrontation of the Negro with European music"<ref name="Berendt1964">{{cite book|last=Berendt|first=Joachim Ernst|title=The New Jazz Book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pjgYAQAAIAAJ|access-date=4 August 2013 |date=1964 |publisher=P. Owen |page=278}}</ref> and arguing that it differs from European music in that jazz has a "special relationship to time defined as 'swing{{'"}}. Jazz involves "a spontaneity and vitality of musical production in which improvisation plays a role" and contains a "sonority and manner of phrasing which mirror the individuality of the performing jazz musician".<ref name="Joachim E. Berendt 1981. Page 371"/>

A broader definition that encompasses different eras of jazz has been proposed by Travis Jackson: "it is music that includes qualities such as swing, improvising, group interaction, developing an 'individual voice', and being open to different musical possibilities".<ref name="Elsdon"/> Krin Gabbard argued that "jazz is a construct" which designates "a number of musics with enough in common to be understood as part of a coherent tradition".<ref>{{Cite book |author1=Cooke, Mervyn |url=https://archive.org/details/cambridgecompani0000unse_e1x9 |title=The Cambridge Companion to Jazz |author2=Horn, David G. |publisher=Cambridge University Press |date=2002 |isbn=978-0-5216-6388-5 |location=New York |pages=1, 6 |url-access=registration}}</ref> [[Duke Ellington]], one of jazz's most famous figures, said, "It's all music."<ref>{{cite journal |last=Luebbers |first=Johannes |date=September 8, 2008 |title=It's All Music |journal=Resonate}}</ref>