Editing Jana Gana Mana (section)

==History==
The National Anthem of India is officially titled "Jana Gana Mana". The song was originally composed in [[Bengali language|Bengali]] by India's first [[List of Nobel laureates|Nobel laureate]] [[Rabindranath Tagore]] on 11 December 1911.<ref name="knowindia.gov.in">{{Cite web|url=https://knowindia.india.gov.in/|title=Home &#124; Know India: National Portal of India|website=knowindia.india.gov.in|access-date=6 October 2021|archive-date=23 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210923192754/https://knowindia.india.gov.in/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="cultural symbol">{{Cite web|url=https://www.culturalindia.net/national-symbols/anthem.html|title=Home|access-date=11 May 2022|archive-date=15 June 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240615122809/https://www.culturalindia.net/national-symbols/anthem.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="auto2">{{cite book|author=Sabyasachi Bhattacharya|title=Rabindranath Tagore: An Interpretation|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Gr8kvZ-S258C&pg=PT326|date=24 May 2017|publisher=Random House Publishers India Pvt. Limited|isbn=978-81-8475-539-8|pages=326–|access-date=16 August 2019|archive-date=3 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200803015328/https://books.google.com/books?id=Gr8kvZ-S258C&pg=PT326|url-status=live}}</ref> The parent song, "[[Bharoto Bhagyo Bidhata]]", is a [[Brahmo|Brahmo hymn]] that has five verses of which only the first verse was adopted as the national anthem.

The lyrics of the song first appeared in 5 stanzas in Bengali magazine in an issue of ''[[Tattwabodhini Patrika|Tatwabodhini Patrika]]''. The melody of the song, in the ''[[Alhaiya Bilaval]]'' [[raga]], was composed as a Brahmo hymn by Tagore himself with possibly some help from his musician grand-nephew Dinendranath Tagore. The final form of the song before the first public performance was set on 11 December 1911.<ref name="artsandculture.google.com">{{cite web|url=https://artsandculture.google.com/story/10-things-to-know-about-india-39-s-national-anthem/AgXhvvzhpjYavQ?hl=en|title=10 things to know about Indian national Anthem|access-date=21 July 2021|archive-date=21 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210721053742/https://artsandculture.google.com/story/10-things-to-know-about-india-39-s-national-anthem/AgXhvvzhpjYavQ?hl=en|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="cultural symbol"/><ref name="book reference">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xYpkWGHGkwYC |title=Home |isbn=9780670084555 |last1=Bhattacharya |first1=Sabyasachi |year=2011 |publisher=Penguin Books India |access-date=28 February 2017 |archive-date=15 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240615122811/https://books.google.com/books?id=xYpkWGHGkwYC |url-status=live }}</ref>

The song was first publicly sung on the second day of the annual session of the Indian National Congress in [[Kolkata]] on 27 December 1911 by Rabindranath Tagore's niece in her school assembly.<ref>{{Cite web |title=News On AIR - News Services Division, All India Radio News |url=https://newsonair.gov.in/default.aspx?aspxerrorpath=/Main-News-Details.aspx |access-date=13 February 2023 |website=newsonair.gov.in}}</ref> Then, it was followed in January 1912 at the annual event of the [[Adi Brahmo Samaj]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://satyashodh.com/janaganaman/|title=Untitled Document|access-date=15 August 2011|archive-date=9 October 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111009005556/http://satyashodh.com/janaganaman/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name = "Sabyasachi Bhattacharya">{{cite book|last1=Bhattacharya|first1=Sabyasachi|title=Rabindranath Tagore: an interpretation|date=2011|publisher=Viking, Penguin Books India|location=New Delhi|isbn=978-0670084555|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xYpkWGHGkwYC|quote=Incidentally a myth regarding this song needs to be refuted and laid to rest. It is on record that the song was written on 11 December 1911. On 12 December 1911, the Delhi Durbar met to honour King Emperor George V. Obviously, a poem written on 11 December could not be intended for an event the following day. The song was first sung at the twenty-seventh session of the Indian National Congress, Calcutta on 28 December 1911 as the opening song at the beginning of the day's proceedings. Thereafter, it was also sung at the foundation day anniversary of Adi Brahma Samaj in February 1912 and included in their collection of psalms, Brahma Sangit.|page=206|access-date=28 February 2017|archive-date=28 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170228171436/https://books.google.com/books?id=xYpkWGHGkwYC|url-status=live}}</ref> However, it was largely unknown except to the readers of the Adi Brahmo Samaj journal, ''[[Tattwabodhini Patrika]]''. The poem was published in January 1912, under the title "[[Bharoto Bhagyo Bidhata|Bharat Bhagya Bidhata]]" in the Tatwabodhini Patrika, which was the official publication of the Brahmo Samaj with Tagore then the Editor.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://knowindia.gov.in/national-identity-elements/national-anthem.php|title=National Identity|access-date=21 July 2021|archive-date=11 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210811180552/https://knowindia.gov.in/national-identity-elements/national-anthem.php|url-status=dead}}</ref>

In 1917, the song was again performed at the Congress conference and this time in aid of instrumental music by the Mahraja Bahadur of Nattore.<ref name="friday">{{Cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/history-and-culture//article59960936.ece |title=Home |website=[[The Hindu]] |date=27 December 2011 |last1=Chowdhury |first1=Arunangsu Roy |access-date=11 May 2022 |archive-date=15 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240615122814/https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/history-and-culture/100-years-since-jana-gana-mana-was-born/article2752111.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>

Outside of Calcutta, the song was first sung by the bard himself at a session in [[Besant Theosophical College]] in [[Madanapalle]], Andhra Pradesh on 28 February 1919 when Tagore visited the college and sang the song. The song enthralled the college students and Margaret Cousins, then vice-principal of the college (also an expert in European music and wife of Irish poet James Cousins). Based on the notes provided by Tagore himself, the song was preserved in 1919 in Western notation at Madanapalle of Andhra Pradesh by Margaret Cousins and her students. The whole episode was recorded by James Cousins in his autobiography "We Two Together":<ref name="we two together">{{Cite web|url=https://archive.org/details/WeTwoTogether/page/n363/mode/2up|title=Home|year=1950 }}</ref>
<blockquote>''In a voice surprisingly light for so large a man, he sang something like a piece of geography giving a list of countries, mountains and rivers; and in the second verse, a list of the religions in India. The refrain to the first made us pick up our ears. The refrain to the second verse made us clear our throats. We asked for it again and again, and before long we were singing it with gusto: Jaya hai, Jaya hai, Jaya hai, Jaya JayaJayaJaya hai (Victory, victory, victory to thee). We had no idea who or what was to have the victory. The next day Rabindranath gave the swarams(notes) of "Jana gana" to Mrs.Cousins so that the melody should have accurate permanent record. He also made the translation of the song into English as 'The Morning Song of India'.''</blockquote>

Thus, Margaret Cousins became probably the first person to transcribe and preserve Tagore's composition in Western sheet music notation at Madanapalle based on the notes provided by Tagore himself. And soon it took its place in the "daily deciation" of the combined school and college of Besant Hall in Madanapalle and is still sung to this date. It was also here that the song was first translated into English by Tagore as "The Morning Song of India".<ref name="we two together"/>

{{Listen
| type         = music
| filename     = Jana Gana Mana 1942 performance with introduction.mp3
| title        = 1942 orchestral instrumental recording (with narrated intro)
| description  = Performed by the Radio Hamburg Chamber Orchestra as the national anthem of India on 11 September 1942 in [[Hamburg]], Germany
}}

The song was selected as the national anthem by [[Subhas Chandra Bose]] while he was in Germany. On the occasion of the founding meeting of the German-Indian Society on 11 September 1942 in the [[Hotel Atlantic Kempinski|Hotel Atlantic]] in [[Hamburg]], "Jana Gana Mana" was played for the first time by the Hamburg Radio Symphony Orchestra as the national anthem of India.<ref>{{cite web|title=The History of Patriotism: When Mahatma Gandhi refused to stand up in respect for the national song|periodical=Quartz India|url=https://qz.com/india/1052808/when-mahatma-gandhi-refused-to-stand-up-in-respect-to-vande-mataram/|last=Sugata Bose|date=14 August 2017|language=en|access-date=17 February 2020|archive-date=16 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200216223338/https://qz.com/india/1052808/when-mahatma-gandhi-refused-to-stand-up-in-respect-to-vande-mataram/|url-status=live}}</ref> The musical notations for this interpretation of the song were prepared by B.L. Mukherjee and Ambik Majumdar.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Mitra |first1=Anirban |title=How – and Why – 'Jana Gana Mana' Became India's National Anthem |url=https://thewire.in/history/independence-day-national-anthem-jana-gana-mana-subhash-chandra-bose-netaji |website=The Wire |date=15 August 2020 |access-date=14 October 2023 |archive-date=15 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240615122812/https://thewire.in/history/independence-day-national-anthem-jana-gana-mana-subhash-chandra-bose-netaji |url-status=live }}</ref>

Before it officially became the national anthem of India in 1950, "Jana Gana Mana" was heard in the 1945 film ''[[Hamrahi (1945 film)|Hamrahi]]''.<ref>{{cite web|title=100 Years Of Bollywood-Humrahi (1945)|url=http://www.indiavideo.org/cinema/humrahi-hindi-film-7583.php|website=indiavideo.org|publisher=Invis Multimedia Pvt. Ltd.|access-date=14 August 2018|archive-date=15 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180815024406/http://www.indiavideo.org/cinema/humrahi-hindi-film-7583.php|url-status=live}}</ref> It was also adopted as a school song of [[The Doon School, Dehradun]] in 1935.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Srivastava |first1=Sanjay |title=Constructing Post-Colonial India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=S66GAgAAQBAJ |date=2005 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |location=London |language=en |isbn=9781134683581 |page=91 |quote=Since its inception, the School adopted strictly non-denominational prayers and hymns and does not serve beef and pork. In fact the School adopted 'Jana Gana Mana' as its School song in 1935 well before it became National Anthem in 1947. |access-date=15 September 2020 |archive-date=6 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211006100154/https://books.google.com/books?id=S66GAgAAQBAJ |url-status=live }}</ref>

On the occasion of India attaining freedom, the Indian Constituent Assembly assembled for the first time as a sovereign body at midnight on 14 August 1947; the session closed with a unanimous performance of "Jana Gana Mana".

The members of the Indian delegation to the General Assembly of the United Nations held in New York in 1947 gave a recording of "Jana Gana Mana" as the country's national anthem. The song was played by the house orchestra in front of a gathering consisting of representatives from all over the world.