Editing Jan Toorop (section)

==Biography==

Johannes Theodorus Toorop was born on 20 December 1858 in [[Purworejo Regency|Purworejo]] on the island of [[Java (island)|Java]] in the [[Dutch East Indies]] (present-day [[Indonesia]]).<ref name="rkd"/> His father was Christoffel Theodorus Toorop, a civil servant, and his mother was Maria Magdalena Cooke.<ref name="bwn">{{in lang|nl}} B. H. Spaanstra-Polak, [http://resources.huygens.knaw.nl/bwn/BWN/lemmata/bwn1/toorop Toorop, Jean Theodoor (1858–1928)], ''Biografisch Woordenboek van Nederland'', 2013. Retrieved on 18 February 2015.</ref> He was the third of five children and lived on the island of [[Bangka Island|Bangka]] near [[Sumatra]] until he was nine years old.<ref name="bwg">{{in lang|nl}} [http://www.biografischwoordenboekgelderland.nl/bio/4_Johannes_Jan_Theodoor_Toorop Johannes (Jan) Theodoor Toorop], ''Biografisch Woordenboek Gelderland'', 2004. Retrieved on 18 February 2015.</ref> He was then sent to school in [[Jakarta|Batavia]] on Java.<ref name="bwg"/>

[[File:Witsen-toorop.jpg|thumb|Jan Toorop in Amsterdam in 1892|left]]

In 1869 he left Indonesia for the Netherlands, where he studied in [[Delft]] and [[Amsterdam]]. In 1880 he became a student at the [[Rijksakademie]] in Amsterdam. He met the Belgian painter [[William Degouve de Nuncques]] in 1883 and the two shared a studio for a time and developed a strong friendship.<ref name="Delevoy (1978)">Delevoy, Robert L. (1978) Symbolists and Symbolism. Skira/Rizzoli International Publications, Inc., New York, 230 pp. {{ISBN|0-8478-0141-1}}</ref>{{rp|230 }} From 1882 to 1886 he lived in [[Brussels]] where he joined the artist association [[L'Essor (artist group)|L'Essor]], which had as its original aim to rebel against the conservative tendencies of the art institutions and circles in Brussels.<ref name=flam>[https://archive.org/details/lartflamand06duja/page/46 J. (Jules) Dujardin, and Josef Middeler, ''L'art Flamand''], A. Boitte, Brussels, 1896 p. 32 {{in lang|fr}}</ref>  Later he joined in Brussels [[Les XX]] (Les Vingts), a group of artists centred on [[James Ensor]]. Toorop worked in various styles during these years, such as [[Realism (visual arts)|Realism]], [[Impressionism]] [[Neo-Impressionism]] and [[Post-Impressionism]].

[[File:Toorop Dame in wit.jpg|thumb|upright|Toorop's ''[[Lady in white (Toorop)|Lady in white]]'' (1886) of his wife Annie Hall]]

After his marriage to Annie Hall, a British woman, in 1886, Toorop alternated his time between [[The Hague]], England and Brussels, and after 1890 also the Dutch seaside town of [[Katwijk aan Zee]].  During this period he developed his unique [[Symbolism (arts)|Symbolist style]], with dynamic, unpredictable lines based on [[Java (island)|Javanese]] motifs, highly stylised willowy figures, and curvilinear designs.

In the late 19th century (in 1897) Toorop lived for 20 years in a small house on the market in the seaside town [[Domburg]], Walcheren, Zeeland. He worked with a group of fellow artists, including [[Marinus Zwart]] and [[Piet Mondrian]]. There was no joint endeavor or common style among them. Each followed his individual personality, but they sought their inspiration in "the Zeeland Light", in the dunes, forests, beaches and the characteristic Zeeland population. Toorop was the center of this group.

His 1900 novel portrait of his friend [[Marie Jeanette de Lange]] was made whilst she was not wearing fashionable (restrictive) clothing and it was in the style of [[Pointillism]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.artesuite.com/winkel/portret-van-mevrouw-marie-jeannette-de-lange-1865-1923-echtgenote-van-jan-bouman/|title=Portret van mevrouw Marie Jeannette de Lange ( 1865-1923), echtgenote van Jan Bouman|website=Arte Suite|language=nl-NL|access-date=2019-03-15}}</ref>

Thereafter he turned to [[Art Nouveau]] styles, in which a similar play of lines is used for decorative purposes, without any apparent symbolic meaning. In 1905, he converted to [[Catholicism]] and began producing religious works. He also created book illustrations, posters, and stained glass designs.

Throughout his life Toorop also produced portraits, in sketch format and as paintings, which range in style from highly realistic to impressionistic.

Toorop died on 3 March 1928 in [[The Hague]].<ref name="rkd"/> His daughter [[Charley Toorop]] (1891–1955) was also a painter, as was his grandson [[Edgar Fernhout]].