Editing James Joyce (section)

==Early life==
[[File:James Joyce age six, 1888.jpg|thumb|upright=1|alt=James Joyce at six in 1888 in sailor suit with hands in pocket, facing the camera|Photograph of Joyce aged six, 1888]]
Joyce was born on 2 February 1882 at 41 Brighton Square, [[Rathgar]], [[Dublin]], Ireland,{{sfn|Bowker|2012|p= [https://archive.org/details/jamesjoycenewbio0000bowk/page/19 19]}} to [[John Stanislaus Joyce]] and Mary Jane "May" ({{nee}} Murray). He was the eldest of ten surviving siblings. He was baptised as James Augustine Joyce{{efn|Joyce was named after his paternal grandfather,{{sfn|Costello|1992|p= [https://archive.org/details/jamesjoyceyearso0000cost_l4b7/page/53 53]}} but his middle name was mistakenly registered as ''Augusta'' at the time of his birth.{{sfn|Ellmann|1982|p = [https://archive.org/details/jamesjoyce0000ellm_n2o5/page/21 21]}} }} according to the [[Baptism in the Catholic Church|rites of the Roman Catholic Church]] in the nearby St Joseph's Church in [[Terenure]] on 5 February 1882 by Rev. John O'Mulloy.{{efn|Joyce acquired his [[saint's name]] ''Aloysius'' at his [[Confirmation in the Catholic Church|confirmation]]{{sfn|Ellmann|1982|p= [https://archive.org/details/jamesjoyce0000ellm_n2o5/page/30 30]}} in 1891.{{sfn|Costello|1992|p= [https://archive.org/details/jamesjoyceyearso0000cost_l4b7/page/81 81]}} }} His godparents were Philip and Ellen McCann.{{sfnm|Bowker|2012|1p=[https://archive.org/details/jamesjoycenewbio0000bowk/page/19 19]|Ellmann|1982|2p =[https://archive.org/details/jamesjoyce0000ellm_n2o5/page/23 23]}} The Joyce family came from [[Fermoy]] in [[County Cork]], where they owned a small salt and lime works. Joyce's paternal grandfather, James Augustine, married Ellen O'Connell, daughter of John O'Connell, a Cork alderman who owned a drapery business and other properties in [[Cork City]]. Her family claimed kinship with the political leader [[Daniel O'Connell]], who had helped secure [[Catholic emancipation]] for the Irish in 1829.{{sfn|Jackson|Costello|1998|p=[https://archive.org/details/johnstanislausjo00jack/page/20 20]}}

John Stanislaus Joyce was appointed rate collector by [[Dublin Corporation]] in 1887. The family moved to the fashionable small town of [[Bray, County Wicklow|Bray]], {{convert|12|mi|km}} from Dublin. Joyce was attacked by a dog around this time, leading to his lifelong [[fear of dogs]].{{sfnm|Beach|1959|1p=[https://archive.org/details/shakespearecompa00beac/page/37 37]|Joyce|1958|2p= [https://archive.org/details/mybrotherskeeper00joyc/page/4 4]}}{{efn|Joyce's fear of dogs may have been exaggerated.{{sfn|Spielberg|1964|pp=[https://www.jstor.org/stable/25486441?seq=1 42–44]}} }} He later developed a [[astraphobia|fear of thunderstorms]],{{sfnm|Beach|1959|1p= [https://archive.org/details/shakespearecompa00beac/page/43 43]|Gorman|1939|2p= [https://archive.org/details/jamesjoyce00gorm/page/328 328]|Joyce|1958|3p= [https://archive.org/details/mybrotherskeeper00joyc/page/18 18]}} from a superstitious aunt who had described them as a sign of God's wrath.{{sfnm|Bowker|2012|1p= [https://archive.org/details/jamesjoycenewbio0000bowk/page/25 25]|Costello|1992|2pp= [https://archive.org/details/jamesjoyceyearso0000cost_l4b7/page/63 63–64]}}{{efn| According to Irish artist Arthur Power, Joyce, who sometimes took his children and Power on a ride, once ordered the driver to turn home when a storm broke out. When Power asked "Why are you so afraid of thunder? Your children don't mind it." Joyce answered "Ah, they have no religion".{{sfn|Ellmann|1982|pp= [https://archive.org/details/jamesjoyce0000ellm_n2o5/page/513 513–514]|ps=: Vignette cited from {{cite book|title=From an Old Waterford House|last=Power|first=Arthur|date=n.d.|location=London|page=71|ref=none}} }} }}

In 1891, nine-year-old Joyce wrote the poem "[[et tu Brutus|Et Tu]], [[Tim Healy (politician)|Healy]]" on the death of [[Charles Stewart Parnell]] that his father printed and distributed to friends.{{sfnm|Bowker|2012|1p=[https://archive.org/details/jamesjoycenewbio0000bowk/page/38 38]|Ellmann|1982|2p=[https://archive.org/details/jamesjoyce0000ellm_n2o5/page/33 33]|Joyce|1958|3pp=[https://archive.org/details/mybrotherskeeper00joyc/page/44 44–45]}} The poem expressed the sentiments of the elder Joyce,{{sfnm|1a1=Ellmann|1y=1982|1p=[https://archive.org/details/jamesjoyce0000ellm_n2o5/page/33 33]|2a1=Jackson|2a2=Costello|2y=1998|2p=[https://archive.org/details/johnstanislausjo00jack/page/170 170]}} who was angry at Parnell's apparent betrayal by the [[Catholic Church in Ireland#Politics|Irish Catholic Church]], the [[Parnellite split|Irish Parliamentary Party]], and the [[Liberal Party (UK)#Ireland and Home Rule|British Liberal Party]] that resulted in a collaborative failure to secure [[Irish Home Rule]] in the [[British Parliament]].{{sfn|McCaffrey|2006|pp= [https://archive.org/details/insearchofirelan0000mcca/page/198 198–199]}} This sense of betrayal, particularly by the Church, left a lasting impression that Joyce expressed in his life and art.{{sfn|McCaffrey|2006|p= [https://archive.org/details/insearchofirelan0000mcca/page/200 200]}}

That year, his family began to slide into poverty, worsened by his father's drinking and financial mismanagement.{{sfnm|1a1=Ellmann|1y=1982|1p=[https://archive.org/details/jamesjoyce0000ellm_n2o5/page/34 34–35]|2a1=Jackson|2a2=Costello|2y=1998|2pp=[https://archive.org/details/johnstanislausjo00jack/page/172 172–173]}} John Joyce's name was published in ''[[Stubbs' Gazette]]'', a blacklist of debtors and bankrupts, in November 1891, and he was temporarily suspended from work.{{sfnm|1a1=Bowker|1y=2012|1p=[https://archive.org/details/jamesjoycenewbio0000bowk/page/38 38]|2a1=Jackson|2a2=Costello|2y=1998|2p=[https://archive.org/details/johnstanislausjo00jack/page/173 173]}} In January 1893, he was dismissed with a reduced pension.{{sfnm|1a1=Ellmann|1y=1982|1p=[https://archive.org/details/jamesjoyce0000ellm_n2o5/page/34 34]|2a1=Jackson|2a2=Costello|2y=1998|2p=[https://archive.org/details/johnstanislausjo00jack/page/176 176]}}

Joyce began his education in 1888 at [[Clongowes Wood College]], a [[Jesuit]] boarding school near [[Clane]], County Kildare, but had to leave in 1891 when his father could no longer pay the fees.{{sfn|Ellmann|1982|pp=[https://archive.org/details/jamesjoyce0000ellm_n2o5/page/27 27, 32, 34]}} He studied at home and briefly attended the [[O'Connell School|Christian Brothers O'Connell School]] on North Richmond Street, Dublin. Joyce's father then had a chance meeting with the Jesuit priest [[John Conmee]], who knew the family. Conmee arranged for Joyce and his brother [[Stanislaus Joyce|Stanislaus]] to attend the Jesuits' Dublin school, [[Belvedere College]], without fees starting in 1893.{{sfn|Ellmann|1982|p=[https://archive.org/details/jamesjoyce0000ellm_n2o5/page/35 35]}} In 1895, Joyce, now 13, was elected by his peers to join the [[Sodality of Our Lady]].{{sfnm|Costello|1992|1p= [https://archive.org/details/jamesjoyceyearso0000cost_l4b7/page/132 132]|McCourt|1999a|2p= [https://archive.org/details/jamesjoycepassio0000mcco/page/22 22]}} Joyce spent five years at Belvedere, his intellectual formation guided by the principles of Jesuit education laid down in the ''[[Ratio Studiorum]]'' (''Plan of Studies'').{{sfn|Sullivan|1958|pp= [https://archive.org/details/joyceamongjesuit00sull/page/9 9–10]}} He won first place for English composition in his final two years{{sfn|Sullivan|1958|p= [https://archive.org/details/joyceamongjesuit00sull/page/105 105]}} before graduating in 1898.{{sfn|Manglaviti|2000|p= [https://www.jstor.org/stable/25474127?seq=2 215]}}