Editing James Francis Edward Stuart (section)

==Birth and childhood==
[[File:Jacques François Édouard Stuart, Prince of Wales.jpg|thumb|upright=1.0|left|James Francis Edward as [[Prince of Wales]]]]

James Francis Edward Stuart was born on 10 June 1688, at [[St. James's Palace]], first and only son of [[James II of England]] and his second wife, [[Mary of Modena]], both [[Catholics]].<ref name=brmon>{{cite web |url=http://www.royal.gov.uk/HistoryoftheMonarchy/Scottish%20Monarchs(400ad-1603)/TheJacobiteClaimants/PrinceJamesFrancisEdward.aspx |title='Prince James Francis Edward', The British Monarchy |access-date=30 October 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304055306/http://www.royal.gov.uk/HistoryoftheMonarchy/Scottish%20Monarchs(400ad-1603)/TheJacobiteClaimants/PrinceJamesFrancisEdward.aspx |archive-date=4 March 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref> As the eldest surviving son of the reigning monarch he was automatically [[Duke of Cornwall]] and [[Duke of Rothesay]] at birth, and was created [[Prince of Wales]] in July 1688.<ref name="pow-ps">[http://www.princeofwales.gov.uk/the-prince-of-wales/titles-and-heraldry/previous-princes-of-wales l Previous Princes] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131014191303/http://www.princeofwales.gov.uk/the-prince-of-wales/titles-and-heraldry/previous-princes-of-wales |date=14 October 2013 }}. Prince of Wales official website. Retrieved on 15 July 2013.</ref>

His birth was unexpected, coming five years after his mother's tenth and last pregnancy, none of which produced a child that survived more than a few days.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.historic-uk.com/HistoryUK/HistoryofScotland/The-Two-Pretenders/|title=The Two Pretenders|website=Historic UK}}</ref> The birth reignited controversies of religion, as the new son would be raised Catholic. Wild rumours spread among British Anglicans: that the child had died [[stillborn]], and that the baby feted as the new prince was an impostor smuggled into the royal birth chamber in a [[warming pan]].<ref>Margaret McIntyre, ''Mary II (1662–1694)'', in [[Anne Commire]] (ed.), ''Women in World History'', vol. 10 (2001), {{ISBN|0-7876-4069-7}}, p. 516</ref> Protestants found it suspicious that everyone attending the birth was supposedly Catholic,<ref name="keates" /> although the Protestant [[Baron Belasyse|Lady Bellasyse]] testified that she "saw the child taken out of the bed with the navel string hanging to its belly".<ref>{{cite book |last=Somerset |first=Anne |author-link=Lady Anne Somerset |date=2012 |title=Queen Anne: The Politics of Passion |location=London |publisher=William Collins |page=97 |isbn=978-0-00-720376-5}}</ref> Another rumour was that James II had not been the father; he was said to be impotent after a bout with [[venereal disease]] years earlier. In an attempt to quash these rumours, James published the testimonies of over seventy witnesses to the birth.<ref name="ODNB">James Edward Gregg, '[http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/14594 James Francis Edward (1688–1766)] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170129073932/http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/14594 |date=29 January 2017}}', ''Oxford Dictionary of National Biography'', Oxford University Press, 2004; online edn, May 2012, accessed 23 June 2013.</ref><ref>{{citation|title=Depositions Taken the 22d. of October 1688. before the Privy-Council and Peers of England; Relating to the Birth of the (then) Prince of Wales. Published by His Majesty's Special Command|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vsA_AAAAcAAJ|location=[Edinburgh]|publisher=[Printed by the heir of Andrew Anderson]|year=1688|oclc=606591965}}.</ref> The line of succession to the throne was thrust into doubt. James II's eldest legitimate daughters, [[Mary II of England|Mary]] and [[Anne, Queen of Great Britain|Anne]], had been raised as Protestants.<ref name="keates" /> British Protestants had expected Mary, from his father's first marriage, to succeed their father.<ref name=Exeter>{{cite web |url=http://stuarts.exeter.ac.uk/education/biographies/james-francis-edward-stuart/ |title=James Francis Edward Stuart|series=The Stuart Succession Project|publisher= University of Exeter |access-date=30 October 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304112544/http://stuarts.exeter.ac.uk/education/biographies/james-francis-edward-stuart/ |archive-date=4 March 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref> This possibility had kept Protestants somewhat content, with his rule a temporary inconvenience. Now that Mary or Anne's succession was in doubt with this new Catholic son and heir, discontent grew, already stoked by James II's actions which had alienated Tory Anglicans who had previously been inclined to honour him as sovereign even if they differed in religion. This movement would become the [[Glorious Revolution]]; Mary's husband [[William III of England|William of Orange]] landed in England, backed by an army of English and Scottish exiles, as well as Dutch soldiers. Much of the English army promptly defected to William's cause, causing James II and his family to flee rather than stay and fight.<ref name="keates">{{cite book |last=Keates |first=Jonathan |author-link=Jonathan Keates |date=2015 |title=William III & Mary II: Partners in Revolution |url= |location= |publisher=Allen Lane |pages=25&ndash;36 |isbn=978-0-141-97687-7}}</ref>
 
On 9 December, Mary of Modena disguised herself as a laundress and escaped with the infant James to France. Young James was brought up at the [[Château de Saint-Germain-en-Laye]],<ref name=brmon/> which Louis XIV had turned over to the exiled James II. Both the ex-king and his family were held in great consideration by the French king (who was his first cousin), and they were frequent visitors at Versailles where Louis XIV and his court treated them as ruling monarchs.<ref>Frequent mentions throughout the [[Louis de Rouvroy, duc de Saint-Simon|Duke of Saint-Simon]]'s ''Mémoires''.</ref> In June 1692 James's sister [[Louisa Maria Stuart|Louisa Maria]] was born.<ref>[http://www.npg.org.uk/live/search/person.asp?LinkID=mp02801 Princess Louisa Maria Theresa Stuart (1692–1712), Daughter of James II] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080420092744/http://www.npg.org.uk/live/search/person.asp?LinkID=mp02801 |date=20 April 2008 }} at npg.org.uk (accessed 8 February 2008)</ref>

He later received a military education overseen by [[Richard Hamilton (officer)|Richard Hamilton]] and [[Dominic Sheldon]], two veterans of the [[Irish Army (Kingdom of Ireland)|Irish Army]].{{sfn|Corp|2009|p=278}}