Editing Jalalabad (section)

== History ==
{{History of Afghanistan}}
{{Further|History of Afghanistan}}

===Ancient and medieval===
Known at the time by names such as [[Nagara (ancient city)|Nagarhara]] and Adinapur, Jalalabad was a major center of [[Greco-Buddhist art|Greco-Buddhist]] culture during the late [[1st millennium BCE]], focused on sites such as [[Ahin Posh]].

The first surviving references to the city are in early 1st millennium CE accounts by visiting [[Chinese people|Chinese]] Buddhist monks. In or about 400 CE, [[Faxian]] visited "Nagarhara" and worshiped at sacred Buddhist sites, such as the "Cave of the Buddha's Shadow” (佛影窟).<ref>{{cite book |chapter=The Hephthalites in Tokharistan and Northwest India |first=Shoshin |last=Kuwayama |title=India and Central Asia |editor-first=Xinru |editor-last=Liu |publisher=Permanent Black |page=240 |isbn=978-8178243474|year=2012 }}</ref> In 630 CE, [[Xuanzang|Xuan Zang]], visited "Adinapur" and other locations nearby.

The Buddhist era began to end after the region was [[Muslim conquests of Afghanistan|conquered by Muslim forces]] during the late 1st Millennium. However, conversions to Islam evidently  did not occur quickly. In ''[[Hudud ul-'alam|Hudud-al-Alam]]'', written in 982 CE, there is reference to a village near Jalalabad where the local king had Muslim, Buddhist and [[Hindu]] wives.<ref>{{cite book |first=Willem |last=Vogelsang |title=The Afghans |publisher=Wiley-Blackwell |year=2002 |page=18 |isbn=978-0-631-19841-3 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9kfJ6MlMsJQC&pg=RA1-PA18}}</ref>

[[File:Royal Park Jalalabad postcard.jpg|thumb|left|The Bagh-e Shahi palace and gardens, c. 1920.]]
[[File:The Amir’s Garden, Jalālābād WDL11478.png|thumb|left|The Emir's gardens, pictured in the 19th century.]]

The region became part of the [[Ghaznavids|Ghaznavid Empire]] in the 10th century. [[Sabuktigin]] annexed the land all the way west of the [[Neelum River]] in Kashmir. "The Afghans and Khiljies who resided among the mountains having taken the oath of allegiance to Sabuktigin, many of them were enlisted in his army, after which he returned in triumph to [[Ghazni]]."<ref name=Farishta-2>{{cite web |work=[[Ferishta]], History of the Rise of Mohammedan Power in India, Volume 1: Section 15 |url=http://persian.packhum.org/persian/pf?file=06901021&ct=13 |title=AMEER NASIR-OOD-DEEN SUBOOKTUGEEN |publisher=Packard Humanities Institute |access-date=2012-12-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130514092123/http://persian.packhum.org/persian/pf?file=06901021&ct=13 |archive-date=2013-05-14 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The [[Ghurids]] succeeded the Ghaznavids and expanded the Islamic empire further into Hindustan. The region around Jalalabad later became part of the [[Khalji dynasty|Khalji]] territory, followed by that of the [[Timurids]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Hewitt |first1=Cooper |title=Afghanistan {{!}} Countries {{!}} Collection of Cooper Hewitt, Smithsonian Design Museum |url=https://collection.cooperhewitt.org/countries/23424739/ |website=collection.cooperhewitt.org |access-date=26 January 2021 |archive-date=20 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210420015105/https://collection.cooperhewitt.org/countries/23424739/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Modern===
It is said that the original name of Jalalabad was '''Adinapur or Nagar(a)hara'''.<ref>Gazetteer of the Peshawar District 1897–98 Page 55</ref> Jalalabad was named in the last decade of the sixteenth century in honour of Mughal ruler [[Jalal-uddin Mohammad Akbar]], the grandson of the founder of the [[Mughal Empire]]: [[Babur]]. Babur had chosen the site for this city which was built by his grandson in 1560.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Adamec|first1=Ludwig W.|title=Historical Dictionaries of Asia, Oceania, and the Middle East : Historical Dictionary of Afghanistan|date=2011|publisher=Scarecrow Press|isbn=9780810878150|page=264}}</ref>

It remained part of the Mughal Empire until around 1738 when [[Nader Shah]] and his [[Afsharid dynasty|Afsharid forces]] defeated the Mughals. Nader Shah's forces were accompanied by the young [[Ahmad Shah Durrani]] and his 4,000-strong Afghan army from southern Afghanistan. In 1747, he founded the [[Durrani Empire]] (Afghan Empire) after re-conquering the area. The Afghan army has long used the city while going back and forth during their military campaigns into the [[South Asia|Indian-subcontinent]].

In 1834, [[Dost Mohammad Khan]] subjugated Jalalabad in his [[Dost Mohammad's Campaign to Jalalabad (1834)|campaign to Jalalabad]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Noelle |first=Christine |title=State and Tribe in Nineteenth Century Afghanistan The Reign of Amir Dost Muhammad Khan (1826-1863)|publisher=Psychology Press |year=1997 |isbn=9781138982871 |pages=15 |language=English}}</ref>

The British-Indian forces invaded Jalalabad in 1838, during the [[First Anglo-Afghan War]]. In the 1842 [[Battle of Jellalabad]], [[Wazir Akbar Khan|Akbar Khan]] besieged the [[British troops]] on their way to Jalalabad. In 1878, during the [[Second Anglo-Afghan War]], the British again invaded and set up camps in Jalalabad but withdrew two years later.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Jalalabad|title=Jalālābād {{!}} Afghanistan|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en|access-date=2019-02-18|archive-date=2019-03-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190323001158/https://www.britannica.com/place/Jalalabad|url-status=live}}</ref>

Jalalabad is considered one of the most important cities of the [[Pashtun culture]]. Seraj-ul-Emarat, the residence of Amir [[Habibullah Khan|Habibullah]] and King [[Amanullah Khan|Amanullah]] was destroyed in 1929 when [[Habibullah Kalakani]] rose to power; the other sanctuaries however, retain vestiges of the past. The [[mausoleum]] of both rulers is enclosed by a garden facing Seraj-ul-Emart. The [[Sulemankhils]], a Pashtun family famous for their [[scientific research]], is from Jalalabad. Other celebrated Pashtun families originate from the villages near Jalalabad too.

In the 1960s and 1970s, construction started on a new [[planned city]] called Reg-e Shamshad Khan.<ref>{{Cite web|url = https://medium.com/@sultanghani/afghanistan-through-a-lifetime-with-hashmat-ghani-part-2-7e0d72b4f278|title = Afghanistan, through a lifetime with Hashmat Ghani: Part 2|date = 6 July 2020|access-date = 2 September 2021|archive-date = 2 September 2021|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210902162912/https://medium.com/@sultanghani/afghanistan-through-a-lifetime-with-hashmat-ghani-part-2-7e0d72b4f278|url-status = live}}</ref>

From 1978 to early 1990s, the city served as a strategic location for the [[Soviet Union|Soviet]]-backed [[Democratic Republic of Afghanistan]]. In March 1989, two [[Afghan mujahideen|Mujahideen]] rebel factions backed by Pakistan and the U.S. assaulted the city during the [[Civil war in Afghanistan (1989–1992)|Battle of Jalalabad]]. However [[Armed Forces of the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan|government forces]] managed to drive them out within two months, which was a major setback to the resistance fighters and the ISI.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1989/07/08/afghanistan-rebels-lose-key-battle/074ff765-327d-4a60-b8ab-ed118a87ba50/|title=AFGHANISTAN REBELS LOSE KEY BATTLE|first=James|last=Rupert|date=8 July 1989|access-date=28 January 2018|newspaper=The Washington Post|archive-date=8 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231008154605/https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1989/07/08/afghanistan-rebels-lose-key-battle/074ff765-327d-4a60-b8ab-ed118a87ba50/|url-status=live}}</ref> The city was heavily bombarded and hundreds of [[civilian]]s were killed. Many buildings, such as schools, hospitals and public buildings were destroyed during the 2-month battle.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hrw.org/reports/1991/afghanistan/3AFGHAN.htm|title=3Afghan|access-date=2020-06-04|archive-date=2021-08-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210817172041/https://www.hrw.org/reports/1991/afghanistan/3AFGHAN.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>
[[File:Aerial view of Jalalabad in 2012.jpg|thumb|Aerial view of Jalalabad in 2012]]
After the resignation of [[List of Presidents of Afghanistan|President]] [[Mohammad Najibullah|Najibullah]], Jalalabad quickly fell to mujahideen rebels of [[Yunus Khalis]] on April 19, 1992.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.upi.com/Archives/1992/04/19/Afghan-rebels-capture-Jalalabad/1540703656000/|title=Afghan rebels capture Jalalabad|website=UPI.com|access-date=28 January 2018|archive-date=28 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180128021110/https://www.upi.com/Archives/1992/04/19/Afghan-rebels-capture-Jalalabad/1540703656000/|url-status=live}}</ref> On September 12, 1996, the [[Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan (1996–2001)|Taliban]] took control of the city until they were toppled by the US-backed Afghan forces in late 2001. [[Al-Qaeda]] had been building [[terrorist]] training camps in Jalalabad. The city returned to Afghan government control under [[Hamid Karzai]].

The [[economy of Afghanistan|economy]] of Jalalabad gradually increased in the last decade. Many of the city's population began joining the [[Afghan National Security Forces]]. Construction has also increased. The [[Jalalabad Airport]] has long served as a [[military base]] for the [[Resolute Support Mission|NATO forces]]. In 2011, the [[U.S. Embassy, Kabul|U.S. Embassy in Kabul]] announced that it plans to establish a [[Consul (representative)|consulate]] in Jalalabad.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.pajhwok.com/en/2011/02/24/us-open-consulates-more-provinces |title=US to open consulates in more provinces |publisher=Pajhwok Afghan News |first=Bashir Ahmad |last=Naadem |date=February 24, 2011 |access-date=2011-08-15 |archive-date=2011-09-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110910224534/http://www.pajhwok.com/en/2011/02/24/us-open-consulates-more-provinces |url-status=dead }}</ref> In March 2007, US marines murdered 19 unarmed civilians and wounded 50 near Jalalabad, in an incident compared by the [[New York Times]] to the [[Haditha massacre]]. None of those responsible received any serious punishment.<ref>[[Fintan O'Toole]], [https://www.nybooks.com/articles/2022/05/26/our-hypocrisy-on-war-crimes-fintan-otoole/ 'Our Hypocrisy on War Crimes,'] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220821094729/https://www.nybooks.com/articles/2022/05/26/our-hypocrisy-on-war-crimes-fintan-otoole/ |date=2022-08-21 }} [[New York Review of Books]]   26 May 2022  pp. 10–13, p. 12.</ref> Many [[suicide attack]]s by [[jihadist]] [[insurgent]]s have taken place, including in [[Bombing of Indian consulate in Jalalabad|August 2013]], [[2015 Jalalabad suicide bombing|April 2015]], [[Save the Children Jalalabad attack|January 2018]], [[July 2018 Jalalabad suicide bombing|July 2018]], [[September 2018 Jalalabad suicide bombing|September 2018]], [[2019 Jalalabad suicide bombing|October 2019]] and [[Jalalabad prison attack|August 2020]]. The groups responsible for the attacks include the Taliban, [[Haqqani Network]], al-Qaeda, and [[Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant – Khorasan Province|ISIS]] (Daesh).

On August 15, 2021, the [[Taliban]] again took control of the city.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/taliban-seize-jalalabad-cut-off-afghan-capital-east-79462637|title = Taliban sweep into Afghan capital after government collapses|website = [[ABC News (United States)|ABC News]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Taliban capture Afghanistan's Jalalabad, cut off Kabul from east |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/8/15/taliban-capture-afghanistans-jalalabad-cut-off-kabul-from-east |work=[[Al Jazeera Media Network|Al Jazeera]] |date=15 August 2021 |access-date=15 August 2021 |archive-date=16 August 2021 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20210816072746/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/8/15/taliban-capture-afghanistans-jalalabad-cut-off-kabul-from-east |url-status=live }}</ref> Its capture cut off the last highway from [[Kabul]] to the outside world, and the [[Fall of Kabul (2021)|city fell]] later the same day. Three days later on August 18, protestors took down the Afghan Taliban flag and replaced it with a tricolor flag of the previous [[Government of Afghanistan|Afghan government]].