Editing Jahangir (section)

== Early life ==
[[File:Birth of jahangir.jpg|thumb|Portrait of [[Mariam-uz-Zamani|Empress Mariam-uz-Zamani]], giving birth to prince Salim in [[Fatehpur Sikri]], painted by [[Bishandas]].  |left]]Prince Salim was the third son born to [[Akbar]] and [[Mariam-uz-Zamani]] in the capital city of [[Fatehpur Sikri]] on 31 August 1569.<ref name="tuzk-e-jahangiri">{{cite book |url=http://persian.packhum.org/persian/main?url=pf%3Ffile%3D11001080%26ct%3D0 |title=The Tūzuk-i-Jahangīrī Or Memoirs Of Jahāngīr |author=Jahangir |translator1=Alexander Rogers |translator2=Henry Beveridge |access-date=19 November 2017 |page=1 |publisher=Royal Asiatic Society |date=1909–1914 |location=London |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305012916/http://persian.packhum.org/persian/main?url=pf%3Ffile%3D11001080%26ct%3D0 |archive-date=5 March 2016 }}</ref><ref name="britannica.com"/><ref name="farishta">{{cite book |last1=Hindu Shah |first1=Muhammad Qasim |title=Gulshan-I-Ibrahimi |page=223}}</ref> He had two full elder twin brothers, [[Mariam-uz-Zamani#Birth of twins|Hassan Mirza and Hussain Mirza]], born in 1564, both of whom died in infancy.<ref>{{cite book |last=Lal |first=Muni |year=1980 |title=Akbar |url=https://archive.org/details/Akbar/page/n142/mode/1up |publisher=Vikas Publishing House |page=133 |isbn=978-0-7069-1076-6}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Foreign Department Of India |url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.35314 |title=References In The Press To The Visit Of Their Royal Highnesses, The Prince And Princess Of Wales To India, 1905-06 |date=1905 |page=421}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Havell |first=E. B. (Ernest Binfield) |url=http://archive.org/details/historyofaryanru00have |title=The history of Aryan rule in India from the earliest times to the death of Akbar |date=1918 |publisher=New York, Frederick A. Stokes company |others=The Library of Congress |page=469}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Havell EB |url=http://archive.org/details/pli.kerala.rare.9313 |title=A Handbook to Agra and the Taj Sikandra, Fatehpur-Sikri and the Neighbourhood. |date=1912 |publisher=Longmans, Green & Co, London |others=Kerala State Library |page=107}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Schimmel |first=Annemarie |title=The empire of the great Mughals: history, art and culture |date=2004 |others=Corinne Attwood, Burzine K. Waghmar, Francis Robinson |isbn=1-86189-185-7 |location=London |publisher=Reaktion Books |page=35 |oclc=61751123}}</ref> Grief-struck, Akbar and Mariam-uz-Zamani, sought the blessings of Salim Chishti, a reputed [[khawaja]] (religious leader) who lived at Fatehpur Sikri.<ref>{{cite book|last=Thompson|first=Della|title=The 9th edition of the concise oxford Dictionary of English|year=1995|volume=7|publisher=Oxford University Press}}</ref> Akbar confided in Salim Chisti, who assured him that he would be soon delivered of three sons who would live up to a ripe old age. His parents, Akbar and Mariam Zamani, in hope of having a son born to them even made a pilgrimage to [[Ajmer Sharif Dargah]], barefoot, to pray for a son.<ref>{{cite book|last=Ahmad|first=Aziz|title=Studies of Islamic culture in the Indian Environment|year=1964|publisher=Clarendon Press}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Findly|1993|p=189}}: "Jahangir opened his memoirs with a tribute to the Sufi, calling him 'the fountainhead of most of the saints of India', and in late 1608 he recalled his father's pilgrimage with Mariam-uz-Zamani to Khawaja Moinuddin Chisti's shrine in hopes of sons by making his own pilgrimage to Akbar's tomb in Sikandra."</ref>

When Akbar was informed that his chief wife was expecting a child again, an order was passed for the establishment of a royal palace in Fatehpur Sikri (today known as Rang Mahal) near the lodgings of Salim Chishti, where the Empress could enjoy the repose in the vicinity of the saint. Mariam Zamani was shifted to the palace established there and during her pregnancy, Akbar himself used to travel to Sikri and used to spend half of his time in Sikri and another half in Agra.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Ahmed|first1=Nizamuddin|title=Tabaqat-i-Akbari|date=1599|page=144}}</ref>

During the time of Mariam-uz-Zamani’s pregnancy with Salim, says Jahangir in his memoirs, the baby stopped kicking in the womb abruptly. When the matter was reported to Akbar, who was engaged in hunt of cheetahs at that time, vowed that if the baby resumes kicking, he would never hunt cheetahs on Fridays throughout his life and Jahangir further notes, that Akbar kept his vow throughout his life. Jahangir, too, in reverence for his father's vow, never hunted cheetahs on Friday.{{sfn|Rogers|Beveridge|1909|pp=45–46}} On 31 August 1569, Mariam Zamani gave birth to Salim, and he was named after Hazrat Salim Chisti, in acknowledgement of his father's faith in the efficacy of the holy man's prayer. Akbar, overjoyed with the news of his heir-apparent, ordered a great feast and festivities which were held up to seven days and ordered the release of criminals with great offence. Throughout the empire, largesses were bestowed over common people, and he set himself ready to visit Sikri immediately. However, he was advised by his courtiers to delay his visit to Sikri on account of the astrological belief in Hindustan of a father not seeing the face of his long-awaited son immediately after his birth. He, therefore, delayed his visit and visited Sikri to meet his new born son and wife after forty-one days after his birth.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Beveridge |first=H. |title=The Akbarnama Of Abul Fazl Vol. 2 |date=1907 |pages=502–506}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Ahmad Khwajah Nizamuddin |title=The Tabaqat-i-akbari Vol-ii |date=1936 |pages=357–358}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Lowe |first=W. H. |title=Muntakhab - Ut - Tawarikh Vol. 2 |date=1884 |pages=112, 124}}</ref> Jahangir's foster mother was the daughter of Salim Chishti, and his foster brother was [[Qutubuddin Koka]], the grandson of Chishti.<ref>{{cite book|title = The Tūzuk-i-Jahāngīrī or Memoirs of Jahāngīr, Volume 2|year=1909|publisher=Royal Asiatic Society, London|page=62|editor-first=Alexander|editor-last=Rogers|editor-first2= Henry|editor-last2=Beveridge}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{cite book |last=Jahangir, Emperor of Hindustan |date=1999 |title=The Jahangirnama: Memoirs of Jahangir, Emperor of India |translator-last=Thackston |translator-first=Wheeler M. |translator-link=Wheeler Thackston |publisher=Oxford University Press |page=65 |isbn=978-0-19-512718-8 |quote=Qutbuddin Khan Koka's mother passed away. She had given me milk in my mother's stead—indeed, she was kinder than a mother—and I had been raised from infancy in her care. I took one of the legs of her bier on my own shoulder and carried it a bit of the way. I was so grieved and depressed that I lost my appetite for several days and did not change my clothes.}}</ref>

Jahangir began his education at the age of five. On this occasion, a big feast was thrown by the Emperor to ceremonially initiate his son into education. His first tutor was Qutubuddin Koka. Many other tutors were appointed to teach Persian, Arabic, Turkish, Hindi, Arithmetic, History, Geography, and Sciences. [[Abdul Rahim Khan-i-Khanan|Abdur Rahim Khan-i-Khanan]], one of the versatile geniuses, was an important tutor of him.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Jayapalan |first=N. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6L6avTlqJNYC&q=Abdur+khan-i-khana |title=History of India: From 1206 to 1773 |publisher=Atlantic Publishers and Distributors |year=2001 |isbn=978-81-269-3505-5 |volume=2 |page=157}}</ref> His maternal uncle, [[Bhagwant Das]] the [[Kachhwaha]] ruler of [[Amber, India|Amer]], was supposedly one of his tutors on the subject of warfare tactics.{{Citation needed|date=September 2022}} During this time, Jahangir grew up fluent in [[Persian language|Persian]] and [[Hindustani language|Hindustani]], with a "respectable" knowledge of Persianified courtly [[Chaghatai language|Chaghatai]] ("Turki"), the Mughal ancestral language.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Asher|first=Catherine B.|title=Architecture of Mughal India|date=1992-09-24|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-26728-1|page=99|doi=10.1017/chol9780521267281 }}</ref>

On 24 February 1585, Jahangir married the [[Kachwaha|Kachwaha Rajput]] princess of Amer, Kunwari Manbhawat Deiji, in her native town Amer. A lavish ceremony took place in [[Amber Fort]] and the bride's palanquin was carried by Akbar and Salim for some distance in her honor. The gifts given by Mariam-uz-Zamani to the bride and bride-groom were valued at twelve lakh rupees.<ref>{{cite book|last=Lal|first=Muni|title=Mughal Glory|publisher=Konark Publishers Pvt Ltd|date=1988|page=87}}</ref> She became his favorite wife and soon rose to the level of a [[Royal consort|consort]] rather than being a mere wife. Jahangir notes that he was extremely fond of her and designated her as his chief consort in the royal harem in his princely days. Jahangir also records his attachment and affection for her and makes notes of her unwavering devotion towards him.{{sfn|Rogers|Beveridge|1909|p=13}} Jahangir honored her with the title "''Shah Begum"'' after she gave birth to Prince [[Khusrau Mirza]], the eldest son of Jahangir.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Emperor of India|first=Jahangir|title=The Jahangirnama: memoirs of Jahangir, Emperor of India|publisher=Washington, D. C.: Freer Gallery of Art, Arthur M. Sackler Gallery, Smithsonian Institution; New York: Oxford University Press|year=1999|url=https://archive.org/details/jahangirnamamemo00jaha/page/51/mode/1up?q=Shah+begum|isbn=978-0-19-512718-8|page=51|translator-last=Thackston|translator-first=W. M.}}</ref>

On 11 January 1586, Jahangir married one of his early favorite wives, a [[Rathore dynasty|Rathore Rajput]] princess Kunwari Manawati Deiji, daughter of Mota [[Udai Singh of Marwar|Raja Udai Singh]] of the [[Kingdom of Marwar]], at the bride's residence, i.e., [[Jodhpur]]<ref>{{Cite book |title=Dimensions of Indian Womanhood, Volume 3 |year=1993 |page=338}}</ref> After her death, Jahangir honored her with the title of "Bilqis Makani" ({{lit|Lady of the Pure Abode}}). She gave birth to two daughters of Salim, both of whom died during childhood and [[Prince Khurram]], the future emperor [[Shah Jahan]], who was Jahangir's successor to the throne.{{citation needed|date=July 2024}} On 26 June, Jahangir married a second Rathore Rajput princess, Kunwari Sujas Deiji, daughter of [[Rai Singh of Bikaner|Raja Rai Singh]] of [[Bikaner]], an offshoot of Jodhpur. In July, he married Malika Shikar Begum daughter of Abu Sa'id Khan Chagatai. Also in 1586, he married [[Sahib-i-Jamal Begum]] daughter of Khwaja Hasan of [[Herat]] in Afghanistan a cousin of Zain Khan Koka.

In 1587, he married a [[Bhati]] [[Rajput]] princess (name not known) entitled [[Malika Jahan|Malika Jahan Begum]] daughter of Rawal Bhim Singh of the Kingdom of [[Jaisalmer]]. He also married the daughter of Raja Darya Malbhas.

In October 1590, Jahangir married Zohra Begum daughter of Mirza Sanjar Hazara. He married a third Rathore Rajput princess, Kunwari Karamsi Deiji, daughter of Rao Keshav Das of [[Merta City|Merta]] linked with the house of [[Marwar]].<ref>{{Cite book|title=Mertiyo Rathors of Merta, Rajasthan Vol II|page=361}}</ref> On 11 January 1592, he married Kanwal Rani daughter of Ali Sher Khan by his wife Gul Khatun. In October 1592, he married a daughter of Sultan Husain Chak of the [[Kashmir|Kashmir Sultanate]]. In January/March 1593, he married [[Nur-un-Nissa Begum (wife of Jahangir)|Nur un-Nisa Begum]] daughter of a [[Safavid|Safavid Persian]] prince Ibrahim Husain Mirza by his wife Gulrukh Begum a daughter of [[Kamran Mirza]] brother of [[Mughal Emperor]] [[Humayun]]. In September 1593, he married a daughter of Sultan Ali Khan Faruqi of the [[Khandesh|Khandesh Sultanate]]. He also married a daughter of Abdullah Khan Baluch of [[Sindh|Sind]].

[[File:Mogul- Jahangir - Münzkabinett, Berlin - 5549249.jpg|thumb|Coin of Jahangir]]
In 1594, Jahangir was dispatched by his father, Akbar, alongside [[Asaf Khan I|Asaf Khan]] also known as Mirza Jafar Beg and [[Abu'l-Fazl ibn Mubarak]] to defeat the renegade Raja [[Vir Singh Deo]] [[Bundela]] and to capture the city of [[Orchha]] which was considered the centre of the revolt. Jahangir arrived with a force of 12,000 after many ferocious encounters and finally subdued the Bundela and ordered Vir Singh Deo to surrender. After tremendous casualties and the start of negotiations between the two, Vir Singh Deo handed over 5000 Bundela infantry and 1000 cavalry and submitted to the command of Jahangir along with taking up imperial services at the court later. The victorious Jahangir, at 26 years of age, ordered the completion of the [[Jahangir Mahal]] a famous Mughal citadel in Orchha to commemorate and honour his victory.{{citation needed|date=July 2024}}

From the very beginning of Jahangir reign as emperor, he witnessed the internal rivalry of the bundela chiefs for control.<ref name="THE BUNDELA REVOLTS DURING THE MUGHAL PERIOD: A DYNASTIC AFFAIR; Amir Ahmad">{{cite journal |author1=Amir Ahmad |title=The Bundela Revolts During the Mughal Period: A Dynastic Affair |journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |date=2005 |volume=66 |page=439 |jstor=44145860 |language=En |issn=2249-1937}}</ref> Jahangir appointed his favourite Vir Singh, as the ruler of Orchha by removing his elder brother Raja Ram Shah.<ref name="THE BUNDELA REVOLTS DURING THE MUGHAL PERIOD: A DYNASTIC AFFAIR; Amir Ahmad" /> This greatly hampered the interest of Ram Shah's house.<ref name="THE BUNDELA REVOLTS DURING THE MUGHAL PERIOD: A DYNASTIC AFFAIR; Amir Ahmad" /> Thus, Ram Shah along with his family members Bharat Shah, Indrajit, Rao Bhupal, Angad, Prema, and Devi (the wife of the deposed king) raised their arms in rebellion.<ref name="THE BUNDELA REVOLTS DURING THE MUGHAL PERIOD: A DYNASTIC AFFAIR; Amir Ahmad" /> However, Ram Shah was defeated by his brother Vir Singh with the help of imperial army under Abdullah Khan.<ref name="THE BUNDELA REVOLTS DURING THE MUGHAL PERIOD: A DYNASTIC AFFAIR; Amir Ahmad" /> Then the deposed Bundela chief escaped and continued to fight the Mughals for two years until he was finally arrested in 1607 and put in prison at [[Gwalior]] only later to be given the territory of [[Chanderi]] as his patrimony.

On 28 June 1596, he married [[Khas Mahal|Khas Mahal Begum]] daughter of Zain Khan Koka the imperial [[Subahdar]] of [[Kabul]] and [[Lahore]]. This marriage was initially opposed by Akbar as he did not approve of the marriage of cousins to the same man however seeing the melancholy of Salim being refused to marry her, Akbar approved of this union. She became one of his chief consorts after her marriage.

In 1608, he married [[Saliha Banu Begum]], daughter of Qasim Khan a senior member of the Imperial Household. She became one of his chief consorts and was designated the honorary title of "[[Padshah Begum]]" and for most of the reign of Jahangir retained this title. After her death, this title was passed to Nur Jahan.
[[File:Mogul- Jahangir - Münzkabinett, Berlin - 5549603.jpg|thumb|Coin of Jahangir depicting him the Moghul Emperor of Hindustan]]
On 17 June 1608, he married a second Kachwaha Rajput princess, Kunwari Koka Kumari, eldest daughter of Jagat Singh, the deceased heir apparent or "Yuvraj" of [[Kingdom of Amber|Amber]] and granddaughter of [[Mirza (name)|Mirza]] [[Raja]] [[Man Singh I]]. This marriage was held at the palace of Jahangir's mother, Mariam-uz-Zamani, in Agra. On 11 January 1610, he accepted the hand of the daughter of Raja Ram Shah [[Bundela]] of [[Orchha]] in marriage to mark a formal end to the hostilities between them.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Emperor of Hindustan |first=Jahangir |url=https://archive.org/details/jahangirnamamemo00jaha/page/104/mode/2up?q=Shahryar |title=The Jahangirnama: memoirs of Jahangir, Emperor of India |publisher=Freer Gallery of Art, Arthur M. Sackler Gallery, Smithsonian Institution & Oxford University Press |year=1999 |location=Washington, D. C. & New York |page=104 |isbn=978-0-19-512718-8 |translator-last=Thackston |translator-first=Wheeler Mclntosh}}</ref>

At some point, he had also married Kabuli Begum daughter of [[Mirza Muhammad Hakim]] son of [[Humayun|Emperor Humayun]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Nicoll|first=Fergus|title=Shah-Jahan: The Rise and Fall of the Mughal Emperor|quote=In fact, official records indicate that Khurram's father had at least twelve more wives, including the (unnamed) daughters of Mirza Muhammad Hakim.}}</ref><ref name="Q" /> She was also one of the later chief consorts of Jahangir.

Jahangir married Mehr-un-Nisa (better known by her subsequent title of [[Nur Jahan]]) on 25 May 1611. She was the widow of a high-ranking [[Persian Empire|Persian]] nobleman [[Sher Afgan]]. Mehr-un-Nisa became his utmost favorite wife after their marriage and was the last of his chief consorts. She was witty, intelligent, and beautiful, which attracted Jahangir to her. Before being awarded the title of Nur Jahan ('Light of the World'), she was called Nur Mahal ('Light of the Palace'). After the death of Saliha Bano Begum in the year 1620, she was designated the title of "Padshah Begum" and held it until the death of Jahangir in 1627. Her abilities are said to range from fashion and jewellery designing, perfumery, hunting to building architectural monuments and more.