Editing Jagiellonian University (section)

==History==
===Founding the university===
[[File:Założenie Szkoły Głównej przeniesieniem do Krakowa ugruntowane (Matejko UJ).jpg|thumb|left|150px|The founding of the university in 1364, painted by [[Jan Matejko]] (1838–1893)]]
In the mid-14th century, [[Kazimierz III the Great|King Casimir III the Great]] realised that the nation needed a class of educated people, especially lawyers, who could arrange a better set of the country's laws and administer the courts and offices. His efforts to found an institution of higher learning in Poland were rewarded when [[Pope Urban V]] granted him permission to set up a university in Kraków. A [[royal charter]] of foundation was issued on 12 May 1364, and a simultaneous document was issued by the city council granting privileges to the ''[[Studium Generale]]''.

Development of the University of Kraków stalled upon the death of Casimir III, and lectures were held in various places across the city, including, amongst others, in professors' houses, churches and in the cathedral school on the Wawel Hill. It is believed that the construction of a building to house the ''Studium Generale'' began on Plac Wolnica in what is today the district of Kazimierz.

After a period of low interest and lack of funds, the institution was restored in the 1390s by [[Jadwiga of Poland|Jadwiga]], king<ref>Jadwiga was officially crowned as "King of Poland" – ''Hedvig Rex Poloniæ'', not ''Hedvig Regina Poloniæ''. Polish law had no provision for a female ruler ([[queen regnant]]), but did not specify that the monarch had to be male.</ref> of Poland, the daughter of [[Louis I of Hungary|Louis the Great]]. The royal couple, Jadwiga and her husband [[Władysław II Jagiełło]] decided that, instead of building new premises for the university, it would be better to buy an existing edifice; it was thus that a building on Żydowska Street, which had previously been the property of the Pęcherz family, was acquired in 1399. The Queen donated all of her personal jewellery to the university, allowing it to enroll 203 students.

Following Jadwiga's death in 1399, her husband of Lithuanian origin Władysław II Jagiełło became the sole monarch of the Kingdom of Poland who on 26 July 1400 had reformed the university based on the model of the [[Sorbonne University]] and the Faculty of Theology was established.<ref name="JUVle">{{cite web |title=Jogailos universitetas |url=https://www.vle.lt/straipsnis/jogailos-universitetas/ |website=[[Visuotinė lietuvių enciklopedija]] |access-date=1 December 2024 |language=lt |archive-date=30 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241130175450/https://www.vle.lt/straipsnis/jogailos-universitetas/ |url-status=live }}</ref> In ~1400, a {{lang|fr|bourse}} of Lithuanian students (a shared accommodation, maintenance and education institution) was established and in the 15th-16th centuries more than 300 Lithuanian students studied in the university, including one of the creators of the [[Lithuanian language]] writing [[Abraomas Kulvietis]] and [[Stanislovas Rapalionis]].<ref name="JUVle"/><ref>{{cite web |last1=Tumelis |first1=Juozas |title=Bursa |url=https://www.vle.lt/straipsnis/bursa-1/ |website=Visuotinė lietuvių enciklopedija |access-date=1 December 2024 |language=lt |archive-date=30 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241130164723/https://www.vle.lt/straipsnis/bursa-1/ |url-status=live }}</ref> In 1401, the Lithuanian duke [[Jonas Vaidutis]], a grandson of the former Lithuanian monarch [[Kęstutis]] and a relative of Władysław II Jagiełło from the [[Gediminids]] dynasty, was elected as the second [[Rectors of the Jagiellonian University|rector]] of the university.<ref name="JUVle"/><ref>{{cite web |last1=Petrauskas |first1=Rimvydas |author-link=Rimvydas Petrauskas |title=Jonas Vaidutis |url=https://www.vle.lt/straipsnis/jonas-vaidutis/ |website=Visuotinė lietuvių enciklopedija |access-date=1 December 2024 |language=lt |archive-date=30 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241130163213/https://www.vle.lt/straipsnis/jonas-vaidutis/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

The faculties of astronomy, law and theology attracted eminent scholars: for example, [[John Cantius]], [[Stanisław of Skarbimierz]], [[Paweł Włodkowic]], [[Jan of Głogów]], [[Sandivogius of Czechel]] and [[Albert Brudzewski]], who from 1491 to 1495 was one of [[Nicolaus Copernicus]]' teachers.<ref>For a summary description of all of the set of scholars and literati who intervened in teaching at the [[University of Parma]] from its creation until 1800, see [[David de la Croix]] and Gaia Spolverini,(2022). [https://ojs.uclouvain.be/index.php/RETE/article/view/65213 Scholars and Literati at the University of Cracow (1364–1800).Repertorium Eruditorum Totius Europae/RETE. 6: 35–42.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240717112406/https://ojs.uclouvain.be/index.php/RETE/article/view/65213 |date=17 July 2024 }}</ref> The university was the first university in Europe to establish independent chairs in Mathematics and [[Astronomy]]. This rapid expansion in the university's faculty necessitated the purchase of larger premises in which to house them; it was thus that the building known today as the ''[[Collegium Maius]]'', with its quadrangle and beautiful arcade, came into being towards the beginning of the 15th century. The ''Collegium Maius''' qualities, many of which directly contributed to the sheltered, academic atmosphere at the university, became widely respected, helping the university establish its reputation as a place of learning in Central Europe.

===Golden age of the Renaissance===
[[File:Kraków.Uniwersytet Jagielloński.Collegium Maius.Aula Jagiellońska.jpg|left|thumb|The main assembly hall of the university's ''[[Collegium Maius]]'']]
For several centuries, almost the entire intellectual elite of Poland was educated at the university,{{citation needed|date=March 2021}} where they enjoyed particular royal favors. While it was, and largely remains, Polish students who make up the majority of the university's students, it has, over its long history, educated thousands of foreign students from countries such as Lithuania, Russia, Hungary, [[Bohemia]], Germany, and Spain. During the second half of the 15th century, over 40 percent of students came from the outside of the [[Kingdom of Poland]].

[[File:Kraków - Collegium Iuridicum - Brama 01.JPG|upright|thumb|The main baroque entrance to the university's ''Collegium Iuridicum'']]
The first chancellor of the university was [[Piotr Wysz]], and the first professors were [[Czech people|Czech]]s, [[German people|Germans]] and Poles, most of them trained at the [[Charles University]] in Prague. By 1520 Greek philology was introduced by Constanzo Claretti and Wenzel von Hirschberg; [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]] was also taught. At this time, the ''Collegium Maius'' consisted of seven reading rooms, six of which were named for the great ancient scholars: [[Aristotle]], [[Socrates]], [[Plato]], [[Galen]], [[Ptolemy]], and [[Pythagoras]]. Furthermore, it was during this period that the faculties of Law, Medicine, Theology, and Philosophy were established in their own premises; two of these buildings, the ''Collegium Iuridicum'' and ''Collegium Minus'', survive to this day. The golden era of the University of Kraków took place during the [[Polish Renaissance]], between 1500 and 1535, when it was attended by 3,215 students in the first decade of the 16th century, and it was in these years that the foundations for the [[Jagiellonian Library]] were set, which allowed for the addition of a library floor to the ''Collegium Maius''. The library's original rooms in which all books were chained to their cases in order to prevent theft are no longer used as such. However, they are still occasionally open to hosting visiting lecturers' talks.

As the university's popularity, along with that of the ever more provincial Kraków's, declined in later centuries, the number of students attending the university also fell and, as such, the attendance record set in the early 16th-century wasn't surpassed until the late 18th century. This phenomenon was recorded as part of a more general economic and political decline seen in the [[Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth]], which was suffering from the effects of poor governance and the policies of hostile neighbors at the time. In fact, despite a number of expansion projects during the late 18th century, many of the university's buildings had fallen into disrepair and were being used for a range of other purposes; in the university's archives, there is one entry which reads: 'Nobody lives in the building, nothing happens there. If the lecture halls underwent refurbishment they could be rented out to accommodate a laundry'. This period thus represents one of the darkest periods in the university's history and is almost certainly the one during which the closure of the institution seemed most imminent.

===Turmoil and near closure after the partitions===
[[File:Collegium Novum UJ 02 Krakow.jpg|left|thumb|The ''[[Collegium Novum]]'' in the [[Kraków Old Town|Old Town District]]]]
After the [[Partitions of Poland|third partition of Poland]] in 1795 and the ensuing [[Napoleonic Wars]], Kraków became a [[Free City of Kraków|free city]] under the protection of the [[Austrian Empire]]; this, however, was not to last long. In 1846, after the [[Kraków Uprising]], the city and its university became part of the [[Austrian Empire]].<ref name="officialhistory">{{cite web |url=http://www.uj.edu.pl/uniwersytet/historia |title=History |last=Waltos |first=Stanisław |publisher=Jagiellonian University |access-date=28 September 2010 |archive-date=1 June 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100601014346/http://www.uj.edu.pl/uniwersytet/historia |url-status=live }}&nbsp;{{in lang|pl }}</ref> The Austrians were in many ways hostile to the institution and, soon after their arrival, removed many of the furnishings from the ''Collegium Maius''' ''Auditorium Maximum'' in order to convert it into a grain store. However, the threat of closure of the University was ultimately dissipated by [[Ferdinand I of Austria]]'s decree to maintain it. By the 1870s the fortunes of the university had improved so greatly that many scholars had returned. The liquefaction of nitrogen and oxygen was successfully demonstrated by professors Zygmunt Wróblewski and Karol Olszewski in 1883. Thereafter the Austrian authorities took on a new role in the development of the university and provided funds for the construction of a number of new buildings, including the neo-gothic ''[[Collegium Novum]]'', which opened in 1887.<ref name="officialhistory"/> It was, conversely, from this building that in 1918 a large painting of ''[[Kaiser]]'' [[Franz Joseph I of Austria|Franz Joseph]] was removed and [[Iconoclasm|destroyed]] by Polish students advocating the reestablishment of an independent Polish state.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.ipsb.nina.gov.pl/a/biografia/wladyslaw-jan-pochwalski |title=Władysła Jan Pochwalski |access-date=1 April 2020 |archive-date=30 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211230161636/https://www.ipsb.nina.gov.pl/a/biografia/wladyslaw-jan-pochwalski |url-status=dead }}</ref>

[[Image:Stanislaw Tarnowski.jpg|upright|thumb|[[Count]] [[Stanisław Tarnowski]] was, between 1871 and 1909, twice rector of the university.]]
[[File:Krakow, Uniwersytet Jagiellonski, Collegium Novum. ca 1900 (71416528) (cropped).jpg|thumb|The university around 1900|left]]

For the 500th anniversary of the university's foundation, a monument to [[Copernicus]] was placed in the quadrangle of the ''Collegium Maius''; this statue is now to be found in the direct vicinity of the ''Collegium Novum'', outside the ''Collegium Witkowskiego'', to where it was moved in 1953.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.sztuka.net/palio/html.run?_Instance=sztuka&_PageID=857&newsId=7361&_cms=newser&callingPageId=856&_CheckSum=-282421568 |title=Kraków – Pomnik Mikołaja Kopernika |access-date=1 April 2020 |archive-date=12 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210412091352/https://www.sztuka.net/palio/html.run?_Instance=sztuka&_PageID=857&newsId=7361&_cms=newser&callingPageId=856&_CheckSum=-282421568 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Nevertheless, it was in the Grzegórzecka and the Kopernika areas that much of the university's expansion took place up to 1918; during this time the ''Collegium Medicum'' was relocated to a site just east of the centre, and was expanded with the addition of a number of modern teaching hospitals – this 'medical campus' remains to this day. By the late 1930s, the number of students at the university had increased dramatically to almost 6,000. Now a major centre for education in the independent [[Republic of Poland]], the university attained government support for the purchase of building plots for new premises, as a result of which a number of residencies were built for students and professors alike. However, of all the projects begun during this era, the most important would have to be the creation of the [[Jagiellonian Library]]. The library's monumental building, construction of which began in 1931, was finally completed towards the end of the interwar period, which allowed the university's many varied literary collections to be relocated to their new home by the outbreak of war in 1939.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://bj.uj.edu.pl/historia |title=Dzieje Biblioteki Jagiellońskiej |access-date=1 April 2020 |archive-date=20 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200720134449/https://bj.uj.edu.pl/historia |url-status=dead }}</ref>

===Modern era and renovation===
On 6 November 1939, following the [[German invasion of Poland]], 184 professors were arrested and deported to [[Sachsenhausen concentration camp]] during an operation codenamed ''[[Sonderaktion Krakau]]'' (Special Operation Krakow). The university, along with the rest of Poland's higher and secondary education, was closed for the remainder of [[World War II]].<ref name="pp2bio">{{cite book |last=Weigel |first=George |title=Witness of Hope – The Biography of Pope John Paul II |publisher=HarperCollins |year=2001 |isbn=978-0-06-018793-4 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/witnesstohopebio00weig }}</ref> Despite the university's reopening after the cessation of hostilities in 1945, the new government of Poland was hostile to the teachings of the pre-war university and the faculty was suppressed by the [[Communist Poland|Communists]] in 1954.<ref name="pp2bio"/> By 1957 the Polish government decided that it would invest in the establishment of new facilities near [[Jordan Park]] and expansion of other smaller existing facilities. Construction work proved slow and many of the stated goals were never achieved; it was this poor management that eventually led a number of scholars to openly criticise the government for its apparent lack of interest in educational development and disregard for the university's future. A number of new buildings, such as the ''Collegium Paderevianum'', were built with funds from the legacy of [[Ignacy Jan Paderewski|Ignacy Paderewski]].

By 1989, Poland had overthrown its Communist government. In that same year, the Jagiellonian University successfully completed the purchase of its first building plot in [[Pychowice]], Kraków, where, from 2000, construction began of a new complex of university buildings, the so-called Third Campus. The new campus, officially named the '600th Anniversary Campus', was developed in conjunction with the new LifeScience Park, which is managed by the Jagiellonian Centre for Innovation, the university's research consortium.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.uj.edu.pl/en/rozwoj/kampus |title=Campus of the Sixcentenary |access-date=12 May 2011 |archive-date=15 May 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110515180308/http://www.uj.edu.pl/en/rozwoj/kampus |url-status=live }}</ref> Public funds earmarked for the project amounted to 946.5&nbsp;million [[Polish zloty|zloty]]s, or 240&nbsp;million [[euro]]s.<ref name=ThirdCampus>{{cite web |url=http://www.kampus.uj.edu.pl/ |title=Campus of the Sixcentenary |access-date=28 September 2010 |archive-date=22 July 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722091426/http://www.kampus.uj.edu.pl/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Poland's entry into the [[European Union]] in 2004 has proved instrumental in improving the fortunes of the Jagiellonian University, which has seen huge increases in funding from both central government and European authorities, allowing it to develop new departments, research centres, and better support the work of its students and academics.

===International partnerships===

The university's academic advancement in both Poland and abroad is illustrated by its widely recognized research achievements. The scientists and physicians from the Collegium Medicum carry out pioneer studies, e.g. in cardiac surgery, urology and neurology, often leading to the development of novel treatment methods.<ref>{{Cite web |last=empressia |title=Centrum Innowacyjnych Terapii |url=https://www.su.krakow.pl/nasz-szpital/badania-klinicze/centrum-innowacyjnych-terapii |access-date=15 February 2022 |website=Szpital Uniwersytecki w Krakowie |language=pl-pl }}</ref> Their findings have been published in international journals such as European Journal of Cardio-Thoracic Medicine, [[The New England Journal of Medicine|New England Journal of Medicine]], and [[The Lancet]]. UJ archaeologists lead explorations of ancient sites in various parts of the world, including Egypt, Cyprus, Central America, South Asia and Altay.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Wydawnictwa – Institute of Archeology – Faculty of History |url=https://archeo.uj.edu.pl/en/wydawnictwa |access-date=15 February 2022 |website=archeo.uj.edu.pl |archive-date=15 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220215125932/https://archeo.uj.edu.pl/en/wydawnictwa |url-status=live }}</ref> The astronomers take part in major international projects, including [[High Energy Stereoscopic System|H.E.S.S]]. and VIPERS. The work of UJ bio-technologists has been published in journals, such as [[Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry]], [[Molecular Ecology Resources]], and [[European Journal of Human Genetics]].

In the [[English-speaking world]], the Jagiellonian University has international partnerships with the [[University of Cambridge]], [[University of Melbourne]], [[University of Chicago]], [[University of California, Los Angeles]], [[London School of Economics]], [[University of Rochester]], [[University of California, Irvine]], [[Case Western Reserve University]].<ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=New LSE IDEAS-Jagiellonian University Partnership |url=https://www.lse.ac.uk/ideas/media/news/lse-ideas-jagiellonian-university-partnership.aspx |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230429165805/https://www.lse.ac.uk/ideas/media/news/lse-ideas-jagiellonian-university-partnership |archive-date=29 April 2023 |access-date=30 December 2020 |website=London School of Economics and Political Science |language=en-GB }}</ref> In the French-speaking world, partner universities include the [[University of Paris|Sorbonne]], [[University of Montpellier]]. UJ also maintains strong academic partnership with [[Heidelberg University]], Germany's oldest university.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.uni-heidelberg.de/international/profil/partneruniversitaeten.html |title=Partneruniversitäten – International – Universität Heidelberg |last=Watzke |first=Christian |website=www.uni-heidelberg.de |access-date=4 January 2017 }}</ref> The Jagiellonian University offers specializations in German law, in conjunction with Heidelberg University and [[Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.law.uj.edu.pl/~spn/?lang=pl |title=Schule des Deutschen Rechts — |website=www.law.uj.edu.pl |access-date=4 January 2017 |archive-date=5 January 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170105083825/http://www.law.uj.edu.pl/~spn/?lang=pl |url-status=live }}</ref>

Other cooperation agreements exist with [[Charles University Prague]], [[University of Vienna]], [[University of Tokyo]], [[Saint Petersburg State University]], [[Technical University of Munich]], and [[Free University of Berlin]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dwm.uj.edu.pl/documents/1333512/107230959/bilateral_agreements_list_30_December_2016.xlsx/7dba3d50-cbd2-47f4-ba5b-fbd987938e0f |title=Bilateral Agreements List |access-date=5 January 2017 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170105175706/http://www.dwm.uj.edu.pl/documents/1333512/107230959/bilateral_agreements_list_30_December_2016.xlsx/7dba3d50-cbd2-47f4-ba5b-fbd987938e0f |archive-date=5 January 2017 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dwm.uj.edu.pl/o-dziale |title=O Dziale – Dział Współpracy Międzynarodowej Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego |publisher=Dwm.uj.edu.pl |access-date=30 April 2017 |archive-date=10 May 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170510145637/http://www.dwm.uj.edu.pl/o-dziale |url-status=live }}</ref>