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==History== In 1674, frontiersman Gabriel Arthur visited a large Native American village, probably the first white person to reach the area. French traders visited by 1796 and British traders by 1703. In 1749, [[Celeron De Blainville]] and his party traveling on the Ohio River left lead plates claiming the area for France. Baltimore-born explorer [[Christopher Gist]] visited the following year.<ref name="wvencyclopedia.org">{{Cite web |title=e-WV {{!}} Jackson County |url=https://www.wvencyclopedia.org/articles/931 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101012030631/http://wvencyclopedia.org/articles/931 |archive-date=October 12, 2010}}</ref> In 1770, when the area was still part of the Colony of Virginia, George Washington, his friend Dr. James Craik, and Col. William Crawford surveyed what eventually became Jackson County, staying on their return from Fort Pitt along Sand Creek at an [[Iroquois]] village led by Keoshuta and later at his hunting camp (which later became Ravenswood). Washington patented land claims in that area in 1793. and other land was deeded to [[Albert Gallatin]]. The future Ravenswood site was acquired by Sallie Ashton, wife of [[Alexandria, Virginia]] judge Nicholas Fitzhugh, and purchased from other heirs by Henry Fitzhugh, who moved to and developed the area, including building a saw and gristmill.<ref>Bicentennial Committee of Alpha Delta chapter of Delta Kappa Gamma Society International, "[http://genealogy.park.lib.wv.us/wp-content/uploads/2018/04/Early-History-of-Pioneer-Days-in-Jackson-County.pdf Early History of Pioneer Days in Jackson County] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190812152500/http://genealogy.park.lib.wv.us/wp-content/uploads/2018/04/Early-History-of-Pioneer-Days-in-Jackson-County.pdf |date=August 12, 2019 }}" (1976), pp. 1, 83β87.</ref> The first (private) school in the county was opened in Cottageville in 1807, the second school at Murrayville in 1818, followed by a school at Ripley in 1829 and one at Ravenswood in 1839.<ref>Early History p. 34</ref> Hunter and Indian fighter Jesse Hughes (1750-1829) settled in Jackson County, but he and his wife were evicted in their old age for failing to properly secure the title for the farm on which they had lived for decades.<ref>Early History, pp. 101-102</ref> ===Incorporation and splits=== Two years later (in 1831) citizens petitioned for incorporating the county, which was formed from sections of [[Kanawha County, West Virginia|Kanawha]], [[Wood County, West Virginia|Wood]], and [[Mason County, West Virginia|Mason]] Counties, and named for [[Andrew Jackson]], seventh [[President of the United States]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jackson County history sources |url=http://www.wvculture.org/history/counties/jackson.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130210133434/http://www.wvculture.org/history/counties/jackson.html |archive-date=February 10, 2013 |access-date=January 29, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Gannett, Henry |url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_9V1IAAAAMAAJ |title=The Origin of Certain Place Names in the United States |publisher=Govt. Print. Off. |year=1905 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_9V1IAAAAMAAJ/page/n166 167]}}</ref> [[Ripley, West Virginia|Ripley]], on Big Mill Creek about 12 miles from its confluence with the Ohio River and the location of a bridge on the West Columbia Pike as well as both a sawmill and a flour and grist mill (which also had a carding machine to make wool yarn), was laid out in 1832 and became the county seat; the courthouse was completed by October 1833, although it was not incorporated until 1852 (and re-incorporated in 1867).<ref>Early History, pp. 76-77</ref> [[Ravenswood, West Virginia|Ravenswood]], about 12 miles further up Big Mill Creek, would be platted the next year by Henry Fitzhugh. Bartholomew Fleming began operating a ferry at Ravenswood in 1840, and a wagon road between Ravenswood and [[Spencer, West Virginia|Spencer]] (which later became Roane County's seat) was completed in the early 1840s. However, the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad would not reach Ravenswood and Spencer (on the [[Wheeling, West Virginia|Wheeling]] to [[Huntington, West Virginia|Huntington]] line) until 1886.<ref>Early History pp. 11-12</ref> Jackson County's population in 1840 was 4,890.<ref name="wvencyclopedia.org" /> Increased settlement led to the formation of two additional counties from parts of what had been Jackson County. In 1848, the Virginia General Assembly authorized the creation of [[Wirt County, West Virginia|Wirt County]] from inland portions of Jackson and Wood Counties. In 1856, the Virginia General Assembly created [[Roane County, West Virginia|Roane County]] from Jackson County. ===American Civil War=== During the American Civil War, the county was divided, but tilted toward the Union, and suffered from raids and [[bushwackers]]. At the [[Virginia Secession Convention of 1861]], its joint delegate with upstream Roane County, lawyer [[Franklin P. Turner]], twice voted for secession after rival meetings held by pro- and anti-secession forces in Jackson County on April 8, 1861.<ref>{{Cite web |title=West Virginia Sesquicentennial Timeline: April 1861 |url=http://www.wvculture.org/history/sesquicentennial/186104.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110430191746/http://www.wvculture.org/history/sesquicentennial/186104.html |archive-date=April 30, 2011}}</ref> Jackson County sent several delegates to the [[Wheeling Convention]], but Roane County sent none. [[Daniel E. Frost]] of Ravenswood, editor of the county's first newspaper<ref>Early history p. 88</ref> and who had represented both counties in the Virginia House of Delegates, became the delegate for both counties. Fellow delegates also elected him the Speaker of the Restored Government's General Assembly held at Wheeling in 1861 and 1862 (which prepared for West Virginia statehood). Col. Frost would die fighting for the Union in 1863. Henrietta Fitzhugh Barre, the daughter of Henry Fitzhugh, sympathized with the Confederacy and kept a diary, first published in 1961.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015002162108&view=1up&seq=3 |title=The Civil War diary of MRS. Henrietta Fitzhugh Barr (Barre), 1862-1863, Ravenswood, Virginia (West Virginia) |publisher=Marietta College |year=1963}}</ref> Another former delegate [[George B. Crow]] of Angerona (a silver boom town) would enlist as a Confederate and also reach the rank of colonel, but he survived the war. Confederate raiders attacked Ravenswood and Ripley in May and September 1862, and again in May 1863.<ref>Early History pp.129, 131</ref> In July 1863, the [[Battle of Buffington Island]] near Ravenswood became the only naval action in West Virginia. The [[9th West Virginia Volunteer Infantry Regiment|9th West Virginia]] supported the tinclad and ironclad naval vessels, and they and Union forces across the Ohio River captured 1700 Confederates and set the stage for the capture of CSA Major General [[John Hunt Morgan]] and ended his raids.<ref>{{Cite web |title=e-WV {{!}} Buffington Island |url=https://www.wvencyclopedia.org/articles/704 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130625005328/http://www.wvencyclopedia.org/articles/704 |archive-date=June 25, 2013}}</ref> When West Virginia became a state in 1863, its counties were divided into [[civil township]]s, with the intention of encouraging local government. This proved impractical in the heavily rural state, and in 1872 the townships were converted into [[minor civil division|magisterial districts]].<ref>Otis K. Rice & Stephen W. Brown, ''West Virginia: A History'', 2nd ed., University Press of Kentucky, Lexington (1993), p. 240.</ref> Jackson county was divided into five townships: Gilmore, [[Grant District, Jackson County, West Virginia|Grant]], Hushan's Mills, Mill Creek, and [[Washington District, Jackson County, West Virginia|Washington]].<ref name="EH 4">Early History, p. 4.</ref><ref name="USCB: MCD Tables">[[United States Census Bureau]], [[United States Census|U.S. Decennial Census]], Tables of Minor Civil Divisions in West Virginia, 1870β2010.</ref> All white males who owned at least a house and 12 square feet of land were granted the right to vote.<ref name="EH 4" /> Hushan's Mills, including the area around Cottageville, was subsequently renamed "[[Union District, Jackson County, West Virginia|Union]]".<ref name="EH 4" /> In 1871, Gilmore Township was renamed "[[Ravenswood District, Jackson County, West Virginia|Ravenswood]]", and Mill Creek became "[[Ripley District, Jackson County, West Virginia|Ripley]]", after the county's two chief towns. All five townships became magisterial districts in 1872. They remained stable for over a hundred years, until in the 1990s they were consolidated into three new districts: [[Eastern District, Jackson County, West Virginia|Eastern]], [[Northern District, Jackson County, West Virginia|Northern]], and [[Western District, Jackson County, West Virginia|Western]].<ref name="USCB: MCD Tables" /> ===Postwar development=== Many former Virginians from the [[Clinch River]] Valley in southwest Virginia settled in the area by 1877, so the Bruen Lands Feud (also known as the Roane County Land Wars, which began with the death of a War of 1812 veteran circa 1845, leaving heirs in New York State, and was the subject of the 1864 U.S. Supreme Court decision in Harvey v. Tyler)<ref>69 U.S. 328</ref> reached Jackson county and led to several murders.<ref>{{Cite web |title=e-WV {{!}} The Bruen Lands Feud |url=https://www.wvencyclopedia.org/articles/672 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110227152102/http://www.wvencyclopedia.org/articles/672 |archive-date=February 27, 2011}}</ref> The brother of a murdered U.S. Deputy Marshall published an account.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Memoirs of Daniel W. Cunningham: The Criminal History of Roane and Jackson Counties, West Virginia |url=https://sites.rootsweb.com/~varussel/families/cunningham.html}}</ref> Timbering and oil and gas operations caused Jackson County's population to rise to 19,000 in 1900; it had the 6th largest area of cultivatable land of all West Virginia counties (divided mainly into small farms, hence by 1997 it also had the second largest number of farms in West Virginia).<ref name="wvencyclopedia.org" /> Kaiser Aluminum built a smelting and manufacturing complex beginning in 1954 that became a major employer in Jackson county. It changed hands several times after 1988 and experienced a major strike in the 1990s. The aluminum plant closed in 2015, although the rolling mill (under separate ownership since 2003 and which also changed ownership several times) still operates.<ref name="wvencyclopedia.org" /> The [[Cedar Lakes Conference Center]] was also established circa 1954 and still operates (now through the U.S. Department of Agriculture), as does a Baptist conference center serving approximately 700 churches. The Jackson County Maritime and Industrial Complex encompasses 159 acres, including 25 acres devoted to barge loading and unloading.<ref name="wvencyclopedia.org" />
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