Editing Jackson, Mississippi (section)

==History==
{{see also|Timeline of Jackson, Mississippi}}
[[File:Choctaw-Nation.png|thumb|upright|The entire [[Choctaw|Choctaw Nation]]'s location and size compared to the [[U.S. state]] of [[Mississippi]]]]

===Founding and antebellum period (to 1860)===
[[File:Andrew Jackson.jpg|thumb|left|upright|[[Andrew Jackson]], the [[List of presidents of the United States|7th President of the United States]] and the city's namesake]]

The Jackson area was historically populated by the [[Choctaw]], the majority of whom were forcibly [[trail of tears|removed to Oklahoma]] following Andrew Jackson's signing of the [[Indian Removal Act]] in 1830.<ref name=Howard_Zinn>{{Cite book |last = Zinn|first = Howard|title = A People's History of the United States: 1492–Present|publisher = HarperCollins|chapter = As Long as Grass Grows or Water Runs|page = [https://archive.org/details/peopleshistoryof00zinn_2/page/126 126]|isbn = 0-06-052842-7|year = 2003|chapter-url = https://archive.org/details/peopleshistoryof00zinn_2/page/126}}</ref><ref name=Jackson_PBS>{{Cite web| url = https://www.pbs.org/kcet/andrewjackson/themes/indian_removal.html| access-date = 25 August 2009| title = Andrew Jackson: Good, Evil & the Presidency| author = PBS| year = 2007| publisher = PBS| archive-date = November 8, 2013| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131108192233/http://www.pbs.org/kcet/andrewjackson/themes/indian_removal.html| url-status = dead}}</ref>  However, per the Treaty of Dancing Rabbit Creek, Choctaws could remain in Mississippi where they would be granted citizenship. 

Located on the historic [[Natchez Trace]] trade route, the Choctaw town that stood where Jackson is today was called {{lang|cho|Chisha Foka}}, meaning "Among the [[post oak|post oaks]]."<ref>{{cite web |title=Chisha Foka Multi-Use Trail |url=https://www.nps.gov/natr/planyourvisit/chishafoka.htm |publisher=National Park Service}}</ref> The city's first European American settler was Louis LeFleur, a [[French-Canadian]] trader. The village became known as [[LeFleur's Bluff]].<ref name="jackhist">{{cite web |url=http://www.jacksonms.gov/visitors/history |title=Official City of Jackson, Mississippi Website – Jackson's History |publisher=Jacksonms.gov |access-date=January 31, 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100510192414/http://www.jacksonms.gov/visitors/history |archive-date=May 10, 2010 }}</ref> During the late 18th century and early 19th century, this site had a [[trading post]]. It was connected to markets in [[Tennessee]]. Soldiers returning to Tennessee from the military campaigns near [[New Orleans]] in 1815 built a public road that connected [[Lake Pontchartrain]] in Louisiana to this district.<ref>Izard, E. Ray. (January 30, 1974) "Carroll's Trace took Tennessee Boys Home". Jackson: ''Clarion-Ledger.''</ref> A United States treaty with the Choctaw, the [[Treaty of Doak's Stand]] in 1820, formally opened the area for non-Native American settlers.

LeFleur's Bluff was developed when it was chosen as the site for the new state's [[capital city]]. The [[Mississippi Legislature|Mississippi General Assembly]] decided in 1821 that the state needed a centrally located capital (the legislature was then located in [[Natchez, Mississippi|Natchez]]). They commissioned [[Thomas Hinds]], James Patton, and William Lattimore to look for a suitable site. The absolute center of the state was a swamp, so the group had to widen their search.

After surveying areas north and east of Jackson, they proceeded southwest along with the [[Pearl River (Mississippi–Louisiana)|Pearl River]] until they reached LeFleur's Bluff in today's Hinds County.<ref name="jackhist"/> Their report to the General Assembly stated that this location had beautiful and healthful surroundings, good water, abundant timber, navigable waters, and proximity to the [[Natchez Trace]]. The Assembly passed an act on November 28, 1821, authorizing the site as the permanent seat of the government of the state of Mississippi.<ref name="jackhist"/> On the same day, it passed a resolution to instruct the [[Washington, D.C.|Washington]] delegation to press [[United States Congress|Congress]] for a donation of public lands on the river for improved navigation to the [[Gulf of Mexico]].<ref>'' Laws of the State of Mississippi passed at the 4th session of the general assembly, held in the City of Natchez.'' (1821) Natchez: A. Marschalk and Evens & Co. State printers. p. 158.</ref> One [[Whig Party (United States)|Whig]] politician lamented the new capital as a "serious violation of principle" because it was not at the absolute center of the state.<ref>William C. Davis, ''A Way Through the Wilderness: The Natchez Trace and Civilization of the Southern Frontier'' (New York: Harper Collins, 1995), p. 30</ref>

The capital was named for General [[Andrew Jackson]], to honor his January 1815 victory at the [[Battle of New Orleans]] during the [[War of 1812]]. He was later elected as the seventh [[president of the United States]].

The city of Jackson was originally planned, in April 1822, by [[Peter Aaron Van Dorn]] in a "[[checkerboard]]" pattern advocated by [[Thomas Jefferson]].<ref name="ancestrypeter">{{cite web |url=http://www.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~msclaib3/PeterVanDorn.htm |title=Claiborne County MSGenWeb |work=ancestry.com |access-date=October 19, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924131833/http://www.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~msclaib3/PeterVanDorn.htm |archive-date=September 24, 2015 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[City block]]s alternated with parks and other open spaces. Over time, many of the park squares have been [[real estate development|developed]] rather than maintained as [[urban open space|green space]]. The state legislature first met in Jackson on December 23, 1822. In 1839, the Mississippi Legislature passed the first state law in the U.S. to permit married women to own and administer their own property.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Gilmer|first=Robert|date=November 21, 2003|title=Chickasaws, Tribal Laws, and the Mississippi Married Women's Property Act of 1839|url=http://toto.lib.unca.edu/sr_papers/history_sr/srhistory_2003/gilmer_robert.pdf|access-date=January 23, 2021|website=www.unca.edu|archive-date=April 10, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220410070903/http://toto.lib.unca.edu/sr_papers/history_sr/srhistory_2003/gilmer_robert.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>

Jackson was connected by public road to [[Vicksburg, Mississippi|Vicksburg]] and [[Clinton, Mississippi|Clinton]] in 1826.<ref>Brough, Charles H. (1903) "Historic Clinton". ''Publications of the Mississippi Historical Society''. v. 7, p.285.</ref> Jackson was first connected by railroad to other cities in 1840. An 1844 map shows Jackson linked by an east–west rail line running between Vicksburg, [[Raymond, Mississippi|Raymond]], and [[Brandon, Mississippi|Brandon]]. Unlike Vicksburg, [[Greenville, Mississippi|Greenville]], and [[Natchez, Mississippi|Natchez]], Jackson is not located on the [[Mississippi River]], and it did not develop during the [[antebellum era]] as those cities did from major river commerce. The construction of railroad lines to the city sparked its growth in the decades following the [[American Civil War]].

===American Civil War===
[[File:Jacksonsiege1863.jpg|thumb|September 1863 map of the siege of Jackson]]
Despite its small population, during the Civil War, Jackson became a strategic center of manufacturing for the [[Confederate States of America|Confederacy]]. In 1863, during the military campaign which ended in the [[Siege of Vicksburg|capture of Vicksburg]], [[Union (American Civil War)|Union]] forces captured Jackson during two battles—once before the fall of Vicksburg and once after the fall of Vicksburg.

On May 13, 1863, Union forces won the first [[Battle of Jackson, Mississippi|Battle of Jackson]], forcing [[Confederate States Army|Confederate]] forces to flee northward towards [[Canton, Mississippi|Canton]]. On May 14, Union troops under the command of [[William Tecumseh Sherman]] burned and looted key facilities in Jackson, a strategic manufacturing and railroad center for the Confederacy.<ref name="JB">{{Cite web|last=Johnson|first=Brian|title=[Johnson] When Jackson Burned|url=http://www.jacksonfreepress.com/news/2006/may/17/johnson-when-jackson-burned/|access-date=2021-01-23|website=www.jacksonfreepress.com|language=en|archive-date=November 12, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112041026/https://www.jacksonfreepress.com/news/2006/may/17/johnson-when-jackson-burned/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last1=Vicksburg|first1=Mailing Address: 3201 Clay Street|last2=Us|first2=MS 39183 Phone:636-0583 Contact|title=Battle of Jackson (May 14) - Vicksburg National Military Park (U.S. National Park Service)|url=https://www.nps.gov/vick/learn/historyculture/jackson.htm|access-date=2021-01-23|website=www.NPS.gov|language=en|archive-date=April 14, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210414202421/https://www.nps.gov/vick/learn/historyculture/jackson.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> After driving the Confederate forces out of Jackson, Union forces turned west and engaged the Vicksburg defenders at the [[Battle of Champion Hill]] in nearby [[Edwards, Mississippi|Edwards]]. The Union forces began their siege of Vicksburg soon after their victory at Champion Hill. Confederate forces began to reassemble in Jackson in preparation for an attempt to break through the Union lines surrounding Vicksburg and end the siege. The Confederate forces in Jackson built defensive [[fortification]]s encircling the city while preparing to march west to Vicksburg.

Confederate forces marched out of Jackson in early July 1863 to break the siege of Vicksburg. But, unknown to them, Vicksburg had already surrendered on July 4, 1863. General [[Ulysses S. Grant]] dispatched General Sherman to meet the Confederate forces heading west from Jackson. Upon learning that Vicksburg had already surrendered, the Confederates retreated into Jackson. Union forces began the [[siege of Jackson]], which lasted for approximately one week. Union forces encircled the city and began an [[artillery]] bombardment. One of the Union artillery emplacements has been preserved on the grounds of the [[University of Mississippi Medical Center]] in Jackson. [[John C. Breckinridge]], former United States [[Vice President of the United States|vice president]], served as one of the Confederate generals defending Jackson. On July 16, 1863, Confederate forces slipped out of Jackson during the night and retreated across the Pearl River.

Union forces completely burned the city after its capture this second time. The city was called "Chimneyville" because only the chimneys of houses were left standing.<ref name="JB" /> The northern line of Confederate defenses in Jackson during the siege was located along a road near downtown Jackson, now known as Fortification Street.
[[File:Jackson-StarsAndStripesHarpers.jpg|thumb|upright=1.25|Engraving from ''[[Harper's Weekly]]'', June 20, 1863, after the capture of Jackson by Union forces during the American Civil War]]
[[File:Jackson December 2018 37 (Old Mississippi State Capitol).jpg|thumb|[[Old Mississippi State Capitol|Mississippi Old Capitol]], downtown Jackson|alt=]]

Because of the siege and following destruction, few [[Antebellum architecture|antebellum]] structures have survived in Jackson. The [[Mississippi Governor's Mansion|Governor's Mansion]], built in 1842, served as Sherman's headquarters and has been preserved. Another is the [[Old Mississippi State Capitol|Old Capitol]] building, which served as the home of the Mississippi state legislature from 1839 to 1903. The Mississippi legislature passed the ordinance of [[secession]] from the Union there on January 9, 1861, becoming the second state to secede from the United States. The [[Jackson City Hall]], built in 1846 for less than $8,000, also survived. It is said that Sherman, a [[Freemasonry|Mason]], spared it because it housed a [[Masonic Lodge]], though a more likely reason is that it housed an army hospital.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Thompson|first=Bennie Gordon|date=June 19, 2014|title=HONORING THE CITY OF JACKSON, MISSISSIPPI|url=https://www.congress.gov/congressional-record/2014/6/20/extensions-of-remarks-section/article/e1028-5?q=%7B%22search%22%3A%5B%22Honoring+the+city+of+jackson%22%5D%7D&s=6&r=1|journal=Congressional Record|volume=160|issue=97|pages=E1029|via=Congress.gov|access-date=January 23, 2021|archive-date=April 10, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220410070902/https://www.congress.gov/congressional-record/2014/6/20/extensions-of-remarks-section/article/e1028-5?q=%7B%22search%22%3A%5B%22Honoring+the+city+of+jackson%22%5D%7D&s=6&r=1|url-status=live}}</ref> Additionally, the Manship House (Ca. 1857) survives.

===Reconstruction===
During [[Reconstruction Era|Reconstruction]], African Americans were granted civil rights. Schools were established and African Americans held political offices. [[Eugene Welborne]], [[Charles Reese (politician)|Charles Reese]], [[Weldon Hicks]], and [[George Caldwell Granberry]] were among the legislators who represented Hinds County in the legislature. African Americans also served in local offices, as judges, and as marshalls.

Mississippi had considerable insurgent action, as whites struggled to maintain white supremacy. Jackson's appointed mayor [[Joseph G. Crane]] was stabbed to death in 1869. The assailant, [[Edward M. Yerger]], was arrested by military authorities but, after a U.S. Supreme Court case ([[Ex parte Yerger]]), he was bonded out, moved to Baltimore and was never tried.

The economic recovery from the Civil War was slow through the start of the 20th century, but there were some developments in transportation. In 1871, the city introduced mule-drawn streetcars which ran on State Street, which were replaced by electric ones in 1899.<ref>Todd Sanders, ''Images of America: Jackson's North State Street'' (Charleston: Arcadia Publishing, 2009), 58 and 40.</ref> In 1875, the [[Red Shirts (United States)|Red Shirts]] were formed, one of the second waves of insurgent [[paramilitary]] organizations that essentially operated as "the military arm of the Democratic Party" to take back political power from the Republicans and to drive black people from the polls ([[Mississippi Plan]]).<ref>George C. Rable, ''But There Was No Peace: The Role of Violence in the Politics of Reconstruction'', Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1984, p. 132</ref>

===Post-Reconstruction===
Democrats regained control of the state legislature in 1876. The constitutional convention of 1890, which produced Mississippi's Constitution of 1890, was held at the capitol.<ref name="OC">{{Cite web|title=Old Capitol Museum {{!}} Mississippi Department of Archives & History|url=https://www.mdah.ms.gov/explore-mississippi/old-capitol-museum|access-date=2021-01-23|website=www.mdah.ms.gov|archive-date=January 16, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210116212323/https://www.mdah.ms.gov/explore-mississippi/old-capitol-museum|url-status=live}}</ref> This was the first of new constitutions or amendments ratified in each Southern state through 1908 that effectively [[Disenfranchisement after the Reconstruction Era|disenfranchised]] most [[African Americans]] and many poor whites, through provisions making voter registration more difficult: such as [[poll taxes in the United States|poll taxes]], residency requirements, and [[literacy test]]s. These provisions survived a Supreme Court challenge in 1898.<ref>[https://ssrn.com/abstract=224731 Richard H. Pildes, "Democracy, Anti-Democracy, and the Canon", ''Constitutional Commentary'', Vol.17, 2000, pp.12–13] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190723082416/https://ssrn.com/abstract=224731 |date=July 23, 2019}}. Retrieved March 10, 2008.</ref><ref>Michael Perman, ''Struggle for Mastery: Disfranchisement in the South, 1888–1908'', Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2001</ref> As 20th-century Supreme Court decisions later ruled such provisions were unconstitutional, Mississippi and other Southern states rapidly devised new methods to continue disfranchisement of most black people, who comprised a majority in the state until the 1930s. Their exclusion from politics was maintained into the late 1960s.

The so-called [[Mississippi State Capitol|New Capitol]] replaced the older structure upon its completion in 1903. Today the Old Capitol is operated as a historical museum.<ref name="OC" />

===Early 20th century (1901–1960)===
[[File:Jackson Mississippi Panorama 1910.jpg|thumb|1000px|centre|{{center|Panorama of downtown Jackson in 1910. The Old Capitol and Capitol Street can be seen at the center of the photo. The New Capital is at the left.}}]]
[[File:1919 map Jackson, Mississippi Automobile Blue Book.jpg|thumb|Map of Jackson in 1919]]
[[File:TownCreekMississippi1921.jpg|thumb|April 16, 1921, flood on Town Creek, a tributary of the Pearl River in Jackson. The photo is a view of East Capitol Street looking east from North Farish Street.]]
[[File:Standard Life Building Jackson MS.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Standard Life Building]] at night, downtown Jackson]]
Author [[Eudora Welty]] was born in Jackson in 1909, lived most of her life in the Belhaven section of the city, and died there in 2001. Her [[memoir]] of development as a writer, ''[[One Writer's Beginnings]]'' (1984), presented a picture of the city in the early 20th century. She won the [[Pulitzer Prize]] in 1973 for her novel, ''[[The Optimist's Daughter]],'' and is best known for her novels and short stories. The main library of the [[Jackson/Hinds Library System]] was named in her honor,<ref>{{Cite web|last=Vicory|first=Justin|title=Jackson libraries face an existential crisis that includes black mold. When will the city help?|url=https://www.clarionledger.com/story/news/2018/11/29/jackson-libraries-face-existential-crisis-when-city-help-black-mold/1647145002/|access-date=2021-01-23|website=The Clarion-Ledger|language=en-US}}</ref> and her home has been designated as a [[National Historic Landmark]].

[[Richard Wright (author)|Richard Wright]], a highly acclaimed African-American author, lived in Jackson as an adolescent and young man in the 1910s and 1920s. He related his experience in his memoir ''[[Black Boy]]'' (1945). He described the harsh and largely terror-filled life most African Americans experienced in the South and Northern ghettos such as [[Chicago]] under [[Racial segregation in the United States|segregation]] in the early 20th century.

Jackson had significant growth in the early 20th century, which produced dramatic changes in the city's skyline. Jackson's new [[Union Station (Jackson, Mississippi)|Union Station]] downtown reflected the city's service by multiple rail lines, including the [[Illinois Central]].

Across the street, the new, luxurious [[King Edward Hotel (Jackson, Mississippi)|King Edward Hotel]] opened its doors in 1923, having been built according to a design by New Orleans architect [[William T. Nolan]]. It became a center for prestigious events held by Jackson society and Mississippi politicians. Nearby, the 18-story [[Standard Life Building]], designed in 1929 by Claude Lindsley, was the largest reinforced concrete structure in the world upon its completion.

Jackson's economic growth was further stimulated in the 1930s by the discovery of [[natural gas]] fields nearby. Speculators had begun searching for oil and natural gas in Jackson beginning in 1920. The initial drilling attempts came up empty. This failure did not stop Ella Render from obtaining a lease from the state's insane asylum to begin a well on its grounds in 1924, where he found natural gas. (Render eventually lost the rights when courts determined that the asylum did not have the right to lease the state's property.) Businessmen jumped on the opportunity and dug wells in the Jackson area. The continued success of these ventures attracted further investment. By 1930, there were 14 derricks in the Jackson skyline.

Mississippi Governor [[Theodore Bilbo]] stated:{{blockquote|It is no idle dream to prophesy that the state's share [of the oil and natural gas profits] properly safe-guarded would soon pay the state's entire bonded indebtedness and even be great enough to defray all the state's expenses and make our state tax free so long as obligations are concerned.}}

This enthusiasm was subdued when the first wells failed to produce oil of a sufficiently high gravity for commercial success. The barrels of oil had considerable amounts of saltwater, which lessened the quality. The governor's prediction was wrong in hindsight, but the oil and natural gas industry did provide an economic boost for the city and state. The effects of the [[Great Depression]] were mitigated by the industry's success. At its height in 1934, there were 113 producing wells in the state. The overwhelming majority were closed by 1955.<ref>Dudley J. Hughes, ''Oil in the Deep South: A History of the Oil Business in Mississippi, Alabama and Florida, 1859–1945'' (Jackson: University of Mississippi Press, 1993), 67–86.</ref>

Due to provisions in the federal [[Rivers and Harbors Act]], on October 25, 1930, city leaders met with U.S. Army engineers to ask for federal help to alleviate Jackson flooding.<ref>River and Harbor Act of 1930, July 3, 1930, ch. 847, 46 Stat. 918. Retrieved September 10, 2015. {{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20151016001252/http://www.watercases.org/LIB_1/1F._Wisc._v._Ill._(1933)/1F1._Rivers_and_Harbors_Act_of_1930.pdf Watercases.org website]}}</ref> J.J. Halbert, city engineer, proposed a straightening and dredging of the [[Pearl River (Mississippi–Louisiana)|Pearl River]] below Jackson.<ref>"Dredging of Pearl Urged" (October 26, 1930) Clarion-Ledger. (Jackson), p.1</ref>

====Jackson's Gold Coast====
During Mississippi's extended [[Prohibition in the United States|Prohibition]] period, from the 1920s until the 1960s, illegal drinking and gambling casinos flourished on the east side of the Pearl River, in [[Flowood, Mississippi|Flowood]] along with the original [[U.S. Route 80]] just across from the city of Jackson. Those illegal casinos, bootleg liquor stores, and nightclubs made up the Gold Coast, a strip of mostly [[black-market]] businesses that operated for decades along Flowood Road. Although outside the law, the Gold Coast was a thriving center of nightlife and music, with many local blues musicians appearing regularly in the clubs.

The Gold Coast declined and businesses disappeared after Mississippi's prohibition laws were repealed in 1966, allowing Hinds County, including Jackson, to go "wet".<ref>[http://blues.goodbarry.com/_webapp_2758974/Gold_Coast "Gold Coast"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110711110655/http://blues.goodbarry.com/_webapp_2758974/Gold_Coast |date=July 11, 2011 }}, Blues website</ref> In addition, [[racial integration|integration]] drew off business from establishments that earlier had catered to African Americans, such as the [[Summers Hotel and Subway Lounge|Summers Hotel]]. When it opened in 1943 on Pearl Street, it was one of two hotels in the city that served black clients. For years its Subway Lounge was a prime performance spot for black musicians playing jazz and blues.

In another major change, in 1990 the state-approved gaming on riverboats.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Tribune|first=Daniel Egler, Chicago|title=GAMBLING BOAT LAW GETS THOMPSON OK|url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/ct-xpm-1990-02-08-9001110675-story.html|access-date=2021-01-23|website=chicagotribune.com|date=February 8, 1990|language=en-US|archive-date=June 13, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210613052645/https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/ct-xpm-1990-02-08-9001110675-story.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Numerous casinos have been developed on riverboats, mostly in [[Mississippi Delta]] towns such as [[Tunica Resorts]], [[Greenville, Mississippi|Greenville]], and [[Vicksburg, Mississippi|Vicksburg]], as well as [[Biloxi, Mississippi|Biloxi]] on the [[Gulf Coast of the United States|Gulf Coast]]. Before the damage and losses due to [[Hurricane Katrina]] in 2005, the state ranked second nationally in gambling revenues{{cn|date=March 2024}}.

====World War II and later development====
During [[World War II]], [[Hawkins Field (airport)|Hawkins Field]] (at that time, also known as the Jackson Army Airbase) the American 21st, 309th, and 310th Bomber Groups that were stationed at the base were re-deployed for combat.<ref>{{cite web|title=Patriots without a Country: Dutch Wings over Jackson|first1=Amanda|last1=Lyons|first2=Will|last2=Morgan|url=http://www.mdah.ms.gov/new/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/01_Lyons-Morgan.pdf|date=May 1, 2018|access-date=February 24, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181221071722/http://www.mdah.ms.gov/new/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/01_Lyons-Morgan.pdf|archive-date=December 21, 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref> Following the [[Battle of the Netherlands|German invasion of the Netherlands]] and the [[Dutch East Indies campaign|Japanese invasion of the Dutch East Indies]], between 688 and 800 members of the Dutch Airforce escaped to the UK or Australia for training and, out of necessity, were eventually given permission by the United States to make use of Hawkins Field.<ref>{{cite web|title=Jackson's Flying Dutchmen: The Significance of the Royal Netherlands Military Flying School|author=Samuel Howard Well|publisher=University of Mississippi|date=August 2018|access-date=February 24, 2020|url=https://aquila.usm.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1055&context=masters_theses|archive-date=April 10, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220410070902/https://aquila.usm.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1055&context=masters_theses|url-status=live}}</ref>

From May 1942 until the end of the war, all Dutch military aircrews trained at the base and went on to serve in either the British or Australian Air Forces.<ref>{{cite web|title=Remembering the fallen airmen of the Royal Netherlands Flying School in Mississippi|url=http://nlintheusa.com/royal-netherlands-flying-school/|date=May 22, 2018|access-date=February 24, 2020|archive-date=February 24, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200224201516/http://nlintheusa.com/royal-netherlands-flying-school/|url-status=usurped}}</ref>

In 1949, the poet [[Margaret Walker]] began teaching at [[Jackson State University]], a [[historically black college]]. She taught there until 1979 and founded the university's Center for African-American Studies. Her poetry collection won a [[Yale Younger Poets Prize]]. Her second novel, ''[[Jubilee (novel)|Jubilee]]'' (1966), is considered a major work of African-American literature. She has influenced many younger writers.

===Civil rights movement in Jackson===
The [[civil rights movement]] had been active for decades, particularly mounting legal challenges to Mississippi's constitution and laws that disfranchised black people. Beginning in 1960, Jackson as the state capital became the site for dramatic non-violent protests in a new phase of activism that brought in a wide variety of participants in the performance of mass demonstrations.

In 1960, the U.S. Census Bureau reported Jackson's population as 64.3% white and 35.7% black.<ref name="census1">{{cite web |title=Mississippi – Race and Hispanic Origin for Selected Cities and Other Places: Earliest Census to 1990 |url=https://www.census.gov/population/www/documentation/twps0076/twps0076.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120812191959/http://www.census.gov/population/www/documentation/twps0076/twps0076.html |archive-date=August 12, 2012 |access-date=May 1, 2012 |publisher=U.S. Census Bureau}}</ref> At the time, public facilities were segregated and [[Jim Crow]] was in effect. Efforts to [[desegregation in the United States|desegregate]] Jackson facilities began when nine [[Tougaloo College]] students tried to read books in the "white only" public library and were arrested. Founded as a [[historically black college]] (HBCU) by the [[American Missionary Association]] after the Civil War, [[Tougaloo College]] helped organize both black and white students of the region to work together for civil rights. It created partnerships with the neighboring mostly white [[Millsaps College]] to work with student activists. It has been recognized as a site on the "Civil Rights Trail" by the [[National Park Service]].<ref>{{cite news
  | publisher = Civil Rights Movement Archive
  | title = Tougaloo 9
  | url = http://www.crmvet.org/tim/timhis61.htm#1961t9
  | access-date = December 21, 2007
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100707051408/http://www.crmvet.org/tim/timhis61.htm#1961t9
  | archive-date = July 7, 2010
| url-status = dead
  }}</ref>

[[File:Jackson December 2018 20 (Old Greyhound Bus Station).jpg|thumb|[[Old Greyhound Bus Station (Jackson, Mississippi)|Old Greyhound Bus Station]]]]

The mass demonstrations of the 1960s were initiated with the arrival of more than 300 [[Freedom Riders]] on May 24, 1961. They were arrested in Jackson for [[breach of the peace|disturbing the peace]] after they disembarked from their interstate buses. The interracial teams rode the buses from [[Washington, D.C.]], and sat together to demonstrate against segregation on public transportation, as the Constitution provides for unrestricted public transportation.<ref>{{cite news
  | publisher = Civil Rights Movement Archive
  | title = Freedom Rides
  | url = http://www.crmvet.org/tim/timhis61.htm#1961frides
  | access-date = December 21, 2007
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100707051408/http://www.crmvet.org/tim/timhis61.htm#1961frides
  | archive-date = July 7, 2010
| url-status = dead
  }}</ref> Although the Freedom Riders had intended [[New Orleans]] as their final destination, Jackson was the farthest that any managed to travel. New participants kept joining the movement, as they intended to fill the jails in Jackson with their protest. The riders had encountered extreme violence along the way, including a bus burning and physical assaults. They attracted national media attention to the struggle for constitutional rights.

After the Freedom Rides, students and activists of the Freedom Movement launched a series of merchant [[boycott]]s,<ref>{{cite news
  | publisher = Civil Rights Movement Archive
  | title = Jackson MS, Boycotts
  | url = http://www.crmvet.org/tim/timhis62.htm#1962jackson
  | access-date = December 21, 2007
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20061004011259/http://www.crmvet.org/tim/timhis62.htm#1962jackson
  | archive-date = October 4, 2006
| url-status = live
  }}</ref> sit-ins and protest marches,<ref>{{cite news
  | publisher = Civil Rights Movement Archive
  | title = Jackson Sit-in & Protests
  | url = http://www.crmvet.org/tim/timhis63.htm#1963woolworth
  | access-date = December 21, 2007
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090615060449/http://www.crmvet.org/tim/timhis63.htm#1963woolworth
  | archive-date = June 15, 2009
| url-status = dead
  }}</ref> from 1961 to 1963. Businesses discriminated against black customers. For instance, at the time, department stores did not hire black salesclerks or allow black customers to use their fitting rooms to try on clothes, or lunch counters for meals while in the store, but they wanted them to shop in their stores.

In Jackson, shortly after midnight on June 12, 1963, [[Medgar Evers]], civil rights activist and leader of the Mississippi chapter of the [[NAACP]], was assassinated by [[Byron De La Beckwith]], a [[white supremacist]] associated with the [[White Citizens' Council]]. Thousands marched in Evers' funeral procession to protest the killing.<ref>{{cite web|access-date=December 21, 2007|archive-date=June 15, 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090615060449/http://www.crmvet.org/tim/timhis63.htm#1963medgar|title=Veterans of the Civil Rights Movement – History & Timeline, 1963 (Jan-June)|url=http://www.crmvet.org/tim/timhis63.htm#1963medgar|url-status=dead|work=crmvet.org}}</ref> Two trials at the time both resulted in [[hung jury|hung juries]]. A portion of [[U.S. Highway 49]], all of Delta Drive, a library, the central post office for the city, and [[Jackson–Evers International Airport]] were named in honor of Medgar Evers. In 1994, prosecutors Ed Peters and [[Bobby DeLaughter]] finally obtained a murder conviction in a state trial of De La Beckwith based on new evidence.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Stout|first=David|date=2001-01-23|title=Byron De La Beckwith Dies; Killer of Medgar Evers Was 80 (Published 2001)|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2001/01/23/us/byron-de-la-beckwith-dies-killer-of-medgar-evers-was-80.html|access-date=2021-01-23|issn=0362-4331|archive-date=October 6, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231006151142/https://www.nytimes.com/2001/01/23/us/byron-de-la-beckwith-dies-killer-of-medgar-evers-was-80.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

During 1963 and 1964, civil rights organizers gathered residents for voter education and [[voter registration]]. Black people had been essentially disfranchised since 1890. In a pilot project in 1963, activists rapidly registered 80,000 voters across the state, demonstrating the desire of African Americans to vote. In 1964 they created the [[Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party]] as an alternative to the all-white state Democratic Party, and sent an alternate slate of candidates to the national Democratic Party convention in [[Atlantic City, New Jersey|Atlantic City]], New Jersey, that year.

Segregation and the disfranchisement of African Americans gradually ended after the Civil Rights Movement gained Congressional passage of the [[Civil Rights Act of 1964]] and [[Voting Rights Act]] of 1965. In June 1966, Jackson was the terminus of the James Meredith March, organized by [[James Meredith]], the first [[African American]] to enroll at the [[University of Mississippi]]. The march, which began in [[Memphis, Tennessee|Memphis]], Tennessee, was an attempt to garner support for full implementation of civil rights in practice, following the legislation. It was accompanied by a new drive to register African Americans to vote in Mississippi. In this latter goal, it succeeded in registering between 2,500 and 3,000 black Mississippians to vote. The march ended on June 26 after Meredith, who had been wounded by a sniper's bullet earlier on the march, addressed a large rally of some 15,000 people in Jackson.

In September 1967 a [[Ku Klux Klan]] chapter bombed the synagogue of the [[Congregation Beth Israel (Jackson, Mississippi)|Beth Israel Congregation]] in Jackson, and in November bombed the house of its rabbi, Dr. [[Congregation Beth Israel (Jackson, Mississippi)#Perry Nussbaum era|Perry Nussbaum]].<ref name="BethIsrael">[http://www.isjl.org/history/archive/ms/historyofbethisraeljackson.htm History of Beth Israel, Jackson, Mississippi] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071005050359/http://www.isjl.org/history/archive/ms/historyofbethisraeljackson.htm |date=October 5, 2007 }}, Goldring/Woldenberg Institute of Southern Jewish Life website, History Department, Digital Archive, Mississippi, Jackson, Beth Israel. Retrieved August 17, 2008.</ref> He and his congregation had supported civil rights.

Gradually the old barriers came down. Since that period, both whites and [[Black Americans]] in the state have had a consistently high rate of voter registration and turnout. Following the decades of the [[Great Migration (African American)|Great Migration]], when more than one million black people left the rural South, since the 1930s the state has been majority white in total population. African Americans are a majority in the city of Jackson, although the metropolitan area is majority white. African Americans are also a majority in several cities and counties of the [[Mississippi Delta]], which are included in the [[Mississippi's 2nd congressional district|2nd congressional district]].<ref>[http://www.aei.org/publications/pubID.24237/pub_detail.asp Edward Blum and Abigail Thernstrom, Executive Summary of the ''Bullock-Gaddie Expert Report on Mississippi,'' Apr 17, 2006] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080409152924/http://www.aei.org/publications/pubID.24237/pub_detail.asp |date=April 9, 2008 }}, American Enterprise Institute, Retrieved March 21, 2008.</ref> The other three congressional districts are majority white.

===Mid-1960s to present===
The first successful cadaveric [[lung]] [[Organ transplantation|transplant]] was performed at the [[University of Mississippi Medical Center]] in Jackson in June 1963 by Dr. [[James Hardy (surgeon)|James Hardy]]. Hardy transplanted the cadaveric lung into a patient suffering from lung cancer. The patient survived for eighteen days before dying of [[kidney failure]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Eckl|first=K.|date=2011-08-02|title=The University of Mississippi: Pioneers in Transplant|url=https://thoracics.org/2011/08/02/the-university-of-mississippi-pioneers-in-transplant/|access-date=2021-01-23|website=Thoracic Surgery|language=en|archive-date=January 25, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210125111717/https://thoracics.org/2011/08/02/the-university-of-mississippi-pioneers-in-transplant/|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 1966 it was estimated that recurring flood damage at Jackson from the Pearl River averaged nearly a million dollars per year. The [[U.S. Army Corps of Engineers]] spent $6.8 million on [[levee]]s and a new channel in 1966 before the project completion to prevent a flood equal to the December 1961 event plus an additional foot.<ref>(May 19, 1966). "Pearl Flood Project finished by June 1967". ''Jackson Daily News'' (Jackson).</ref>

Since 1968, Jackson has been the home of [[Malaco Records]], one of the leading record companies for [[gospel music|gospel]], [[blues]], and [[soul music]] in the United States. In January 1973, [[Paul Simon]] recorded the songs "Learn How to Fall" and "Take Me to the Mardi Gras", found on the album ''[[There Goes Rhymin' Simon]]'', in Jackson at the Malaco Recording Studios. Many well-known Southern artists recorded on the album, including the [[Muscle Shoals Rhythm Section]] (David Hood, Jimmy Johnson, Roger Hawkins, Barry Beckett), [[Carson Whitsett]], the [[Onward Brass Band]] from New Orleans, and others. The label has recorded many leading soul and blues artists, including [[Bobby Bland]], [[ZZ Hill]], [[Latimore (musician)|Latimore]], [[Shirley Brown]], [[Denise LaSalle]], and [[Tyrone Davis]].

On May 15, 1970, [[Jackson Police Department (Mississippi)|Jackson police]] killed two students and wounded twelve at [[Jackson State University|Jackson State College]] after a protest of the [[Vietnam War]] included students' overturning and burning some cars. These killings occurred eleven days after the [[National Guard of the United States|National Guard]] killed four students in an anti-war protest at [[Kent State University]] in [[Ohio]], and were part of national social unrest.<ref>Tim Spofford, ''Lynch Street: The May 1970 Slayings at Jackson State College,'' Kent, OH: Kent State University Press, 1988, pp. 17 and 19</ref> ''[[Newsweek]]'' cited the Jackson State killings in its issue of May 18 when it suggested that U.S. President [[Richard Nixon]] faced a new [[home front]].

The influx of illegal drugs occurred nationally as smugglers used the highways, seaports, and airports of the Gulf region.<ref>{{cite news|last=Campbell|first=Don|title=Governors hear call for drug task force|newspaper=[[Clarion Ledger]]|place=Jackson, Mississippi|date=1982-07-27|page=4A}} - [https://www.newspapers.com/clip/79333835/for-southern-states-and-a-drug-task/ Clipping from] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210610224023/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/79333835/for-southern-states-and-a-drug-task/ |date=June 10, 2021 }} [[Newspapers.com]]</ref><ref>Editors. (October 18, 1982) "Escalating war: plan beefs up drug enforcement". ''Clarion Ledger.'' (Jackson). p. 10A. [https://www.newspapers.com/clip/79333975/for-articles-about-drug-smuggling-in-the/ Clipping from] [[Newspapers.com]]</ref> The 1980s in Jackson were dominated by Mayor [[Dale Danks|Dale Danks Jr.]] until he was unseated by lawyer and legislator [[J. Kane Ditto]], who criticized the deficit funding and the politicized police department of the city.<ref>Eubank, Jay. (May 13, 1989) "More issues discussed during cliche-free round two". ''Clarion Ledger'' (Jackson)</ref> Federal investigations of drug trafficking at Jackson's [[Hawkins Field (airport)|Hawkins Field airport]] were a part of the ''Kerry Report,'' the 1986 U.S. Senate investigation of public corruption and foreign relations.<ref>{{cite web|publisher=United States Senate. Committee on Foreign Relations. Subcommittee on Terrorism, Narcotics, and International Operations|title=''"Drugs, Law Enforcement, and Foreign Policy, a Report".''|date=December 1988|quotation=Appendix. "Customs Report, Guy Penilton Owen, May 9, 1983".|pages=278–295|url=http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB113/north06.pdf|access-date=September 3, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160411053033/https://www2.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB113/north06.pdf|archive-date=April 11, 2016|url-status=live}}</ref>

As Jackson has become the medical and legal center of the state, it has attracted [[Jewish]] professionals in both fields. Since the late 20th century, it has developed the largest [[American Jews|Jewish community]] in the state.<ref>[http://www.myjewishlearning.com/southern-and-jewish/the-disappearing-southern-jew/ Stuart Rockoff, "The Disappearing Southern Jew"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150714122844/http://www.myjewishlearning.com/southern-and-jewish/the-disappearing-southern-jew/ |date=July 14, 2015 }}, April 30, 2013, 'Southern and Jewish' blog, at My Jewish Learning (ISTL)</ref>

In 1997, [[Harvey Johnson, Jr.]] was elected as Jackson's first African-American mayor. During his term, he proposed the development of a [[convention center]] to attract more business to the city. In 2004, during his second term, 66 percent of the voters passed a referendum for a tax to build the Convention Center.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.visitjackson.com/media-article.php?article_id=52 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071221210936/http://www.visitjackson.com/media-article.php?article_id=52 |url-status=dead |archive-date=December 21, 2007 |title=Jackson Mississippi Tourism- City of Jackson Travel, MS Vacations, Event Planning |publisher=Visitjackson.com |access-date=January 31, 2010 }}</ref>

Mayor Johnson was replaced by [[Frank Melton]] on July 4, 2005. Melton generated controversy through his unconventional behavior, which included acting as a law enforcement officer. A dramatic spike in crime ensued during his term, despite Melton's efforts to reduce crime. The lack of jobs contributed to climb.<ref>{{cite news
  | agency = Associated Press
  | title = Mayor of U.S. city failing the hard test of crime prevention
  | work = The Taipei Times
  | date = July 27, 2006
| url = http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/world/archives/2006/07/27/2003320632
  | access-date = March 9, 2007
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20060824002706/http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/world/archives/2006/07/27/2003320632
  | archive-date = August 24, 2006
| url-status = live
  }}</ref> In 2006 a young African-American businessman, Starsky Darnell Redd, was convicted of [[money laundering]] in federal court along with his mother, other associates, and Billy Tucker, the former airport security chief.<ref>Associated Press. (December 2, 2008). "Drug kingpin, cohorts appeal convictions". ''Desoto Times.'' (Hernando, Miss.) Retrieved September 3, 2015. [http://www.desototimes.com/news/drug-kingpin-cohorts-appeal-convictions/article_e7a039d8-7935-5587-a367-3a70bf9fce79.html Desoto Times website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304142005/http://www.desototimes.com/news/drug-kingpin-cohorts-appeal-convictions/article_e7a039d8-7935-5587-a367-3a70bf9fce79.html |date=March 4, 2016 }}</ref>

In 2007, [[Hinds County, Mississippi|Hinds County]] sheriff Malcolm McMillin was appointed as the new police chief in Jackson, setting a historic precedent. McMillin was both the [[county sheriff]] and city police chief until 2009, when he stepped down due to disagreements with the mayor. Mayor Frank Melton died in May 2009, and City Councilman Leslie McLemore served as acting mayor of Jackson until July 2009, when former Mayor Harvey Johnson was elected and assumed the position.<ref>{{cite news
 |title       = Mayor appoints sheriff who arrested him – twice – as police chief
 |work        = USA Today
 |date        = November 16, 2007
|url         = http://blogs.usatoday.com/ondeadline/2007/11/mayor-appoints.html
 |access-date  = November 19, 2007
|url-status     = dead
 |archive-url  = https://web.archive.org/web/20080517055707/http://blogs.usatoday.com/ondeadline/2007/11/mayor-appoints.html
 |archive-date = May 17, 2008
|df          = mdy
}}</ref>

On June 26, 2011, 49-year-old [[Murder of James Craig Anderson|James Craig Anderson]] was killed in Jackson after being beaten, robbed, and run over by a group of white teenagers. The district attorney described it as a "[[hate crime]]", and the [[FBI]] investigated it as a civil rights violation.<ref name=Sperling>{{cite news |last=Sperling |first=Nicole |title=March aims to draw attention to slaying of black Mississippi man |url=http://www.sacbee.com/2011/08/15/3838036/march-aims-to-draw-attention-to.html |access-date=August 22, 2011 |newspaper=[[Sacramento Bee]] |date=August 15, 2011 }}{{dead link|date=November 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref name=Severson0822>{{cite news |last=Severson |first=Kimberly |title=Killing of Black Man Prompts Reflection on Race in Mississippi |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/08/23/us/23jackson.html?hp |access-date=August 22, 2011 |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |date=August 22, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150612220507/http://www.nytimes.com/2011/08/23/us/23jackson.html?hp |archive-date=June 12, 2015 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=ap0822>{{cite news |title=James Craig Anderson's Death: FBI Investigates Fatal Rundown of Black Man in Mississippi |date=August 18, 2011 |url=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/08/18/james-craig-anderson-fbi-investigation_n_930155.html |agency=Associated Press |access-date=August 22, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120207020216/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/08/18/james-craig-anderson-fbi-investigation_n_930155.html |archive-date=February 7, 2012 |url-status=live }}</ref>

On March 18, 2013, a severe [[hail]]storm hit the Jackson metro area. The hail caused major damage to roofs, vehicles, and building siding. Hail ranged in size from golfball to softball. There were more than 40,000 hailstorm claims of homeowner and automobile damage.<ref>[http://www.srh.noaa.gov/jan/?n=2013_03_18_severe/ March 18, 2013: Severe Weather Event] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181018201628/http://www.srh.noaa.gov/jan/?n=2013_03_18_severe%2F |date=October 18, 2018 }}, NOAA</ref><ref>[http://msbusiness.com/blog/2013/04/03/insurers-see-more-than-40000-hailstorm-claims-chaney-expects-more/ Insurers see more than 40,000 hailstorm claims] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927060259/http://msbusiness.com/blog/2013/04/03/insurers-see-more-than-40000-hailstorm-claims-chaney-expects-more/ |date=September 27, 2013 }}, Mississippi Business blog, April 3, 2013</ref>

In 2013, Jackson was named as one of the top 10 friendliest cities in the United States by ''CN Traveler''. The capital city was tied with [[Natchez, Mississippi|Natchez]] as Number 7. The city was noticed for friendly people, great food, and green and pretty public places.<ref>[http://www.cntraveler.com/daily-traveler/2013/07/travel-us-cities-charleston-newark-branson-friendly-unfriendly_slideshow_item4_5 "The Friendliest and Unfriendliest Cities in the U.S."] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130803043125/http://www.cntraveler.com/daily-traveler/2013/07/travel-us-cities-charleston-newark-branson-friendly-unfriendly_slideshow_item4_5 |date=August 3, 2013 }}, ''CN Traveler''</ref>

On July 1, 2013, [[Chokwe Lumumba]] was sworn into office as mayor of the city. After eight months in office, Lumumba died on February 25, 2014. Lumumba was a popular yet controversial figure due to his prior membership in the [[Republic of New Afrika]], as well as being a co-founder of the [[National Coalition of Blacks for Reparations in America]].

Lumumba's son, [[Chokwe Antar Lumumba]], ran for the mayoral seat following his father's death, but lost to Councillor [[Tony Yarber]] on April 22, 2014.<ref>{{cite web | last = Barnes | first = Dustin | title = Mayor Tony Yarber Preaches Plans for Jackson | work = Clarion-Ledger | date = April 24, 2014 | url = http://www.clarionledger.com/story/news/2014/04/24/mayor-elect-tony-yarber-take-oath-office/8105543/ }}</ref> In 2017, however, Chokwe Antar Lumumba ran for mayor again, and won. Following his victory, on June 26 he was interviewed by Amy Goodman on ''[[Democracy Now!]]'',<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.democracynow.org/2017/6/26/jackson_miss_mayor_elect_chokwe_lumumba |title=Jackson, Miss. Mayor-elect Chokwe Lumumba: I Plan to Build the "Most Radical City on the Planet" |work=Democracy Now! |access-date=June 27, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170626202539/https://www.democracynow.org/2017/6/26/jackson_miss_mayor_elect_chokwe_lumumba |archive-date=June 26, 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref> at which time he declared a commitment to make Jackson the "Most Radical City on the Planet".

For several years, the city water supply failed to meet [[Safe Drinking Water Act#National Primary Drinking Water Regulations|federal drinking water standards]] and was subject to many [[boil water order]]s in 2021 and 2022. Due to deteriorating water infrastructure, some parts of the city experienced low water pressure, and in some neighborhoods residents reported untreated sewage flowing in city streets.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.cnn.com/2022/08/30/us/jackson-water-system-failing-tuesday/index.html |title=The water crisis in Jackson, Mississippi, has gotten so bad, the city temporarily ran out of bottled water to give to residents |author1=Amir Vera |author2=Jason Hanna |author3=Nouran Salahieh |date=August 31, 2022 |publisher=CNN |access-date=September 1, 2022 |archive-date=August 31, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220831040948/https://www.cnn.com/2022/08/30/us/jackson-water-system-failing-tuesday/index.html |url-status=live }}</ref> In August 2022, Jackson [[Jackson, Mississippi water crisis|lost access to water]] when its largest water treatment plant failed, leaving tap water untreated.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Rojas |first1=Rick |title=Mississippi's Capital Loses Water as a Troubled System Faces a Fresh Crisis |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/08/30/us/mississippi-jackson-water.html |newspaper=The New York Times |date=30 August 2022 |access-date=August 30, 2022 |archive-date=August 30, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220830183233/https://www.nytimes.com/2022/08/30/us/mississippi-jackson-water.html |url-status=live }}</ref>