Editing Islamophobia (section)

==Terms==
There are a number of other possible terms which are also used in order to refer to negative feelings and attitudes towards Islam and Muslims, such as '''anti-Muslimism''', '''intolerance against Muslims''', '''anti-Muslim prejudice''', '''anti-Muslim bigotry''', '''hatred of Muslims''', '''anti-Islamism''', '''Muslimophobia''', '''demonisation of Islam''', or '''demonisation of Muslims'''. In German, ''Islamophobie'' (fear) and ''Islamfeindlichkeit'' (hostility) are used. The Scandinavian term ''Muslimhat'' literally means "hatred of Muslims".<ref>{{cite book|last1=Kaya|first1=Ayhan|editor1-last=Cesari|editor1-first=Jocelyne|title=The Oxford Handbook of European Islam|date=2014|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|isbn=978-0-19-960797-6|chapter=Islamophobia}}</ref>

When discrimination towards Muslims has placed an emphasis on their religious affiliation and adherence, it has been termed Muslimphobia, the alternative form of Muslimophobia,<ref>{{cite book|last1=Carpente|first1=Markus|title=Diversity, Intercultural Encounters, and Education|date=2013|page=65}}</ref> Islamophobism,<ref>{{cite book|last1=Pande|first1=Rekha|title=Globalization, Technology Diffusion and Gender Disparity|date=2012|page=99}}</ref> antimuslimness and antimuslimism.<ref>Racism and Human Rights. p. 8, Raphael Walden – 2004</ref><ref>Muslims in Western Europe. p. 169, Jørgen S. Nielsen – 2004</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1 = Sedmak |first1 = Mateja |last2 = Walker |first2 = Sarah |last3 = Medarić |first3 = Zorana |date = 2014-05-09 |title = Children's Voices: Studies of Interethnic Conflict and Violence in European Schools |publisher = [[Routledge]] |page = 124 |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=CwuLAwAAQBAJ&q=Islamophobia |isbn = 978-1-134-49345-6}}</ref> Individuals who discriminate against Muslims in general have been termed ''Islamophobes'', ''Islamophobists'',<ref>{{cite book|last1=Kuwara|first1=Ibrahim|title=Islam Nigeria-UK Road Tour|date=2004|page=6}}</ref> ''anti-Muslimists'',<ref>2002, Fred halliday, Two hours that shook the world, p. 97</ref> ''antimuslimists'',<ref>{{cite book|last1=Kollontai|first1=Pauline|title=Community Identity: Dynamics of Religion in Context|date=2007|page=254|publisher=A&C Black |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ff_TAwAAQBAJ|isbn=9780567031570}}</ref> ''islamophobiacs'',<ref>{{cite book|last1=Seid|first1=Amine|title=Islamic Terrorism and the Tangential Response of the West|date=2011|page=39|publisher=AuthorHouse |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MHm89Dw8L0MC|isbn=9781467885676}}</ref> ''anti-Muhammadan'',<ref>{{cite book|last1=Goknar|first1=Erdag|title=Orhan Pamuk, Secularism and Blasphemy|date=2013|page=219}}</ref> ''Muslimphobes'' or its alternative spelling of ''Muslimophobes'',<ref>{{cite book|last1=Arasteh|first1=Kamyar|title=The American Reichstag|date=2004|page=94}}</ref> while individuals motivated by a specific anti-[[Muslim agenda]] or bigotry have been described as being ''anti-mosque'',<ref>{{cite book|last1=Dressler|first1=Markus|title=Secularism and Religion-Making|url=https://archive.org/details/secularismreligi00dres|url-access=limited|date=2011|page=[https://archive.org/details/secularismreligi00dres/page/n260 250]}}</ref> ''anti-Shiites''<ref>{{cite book|last1=Kaim|first1=Markus|title=Great Powers and Regional Orders|date=2013|page=157}}</ref> (or ''Shiaphobes''<ref>2013, Glen Perry, The International Relations of the Contemporary Middle East, p. 161</ref>), ''anti-Sufism''<ref>{{Cite book |last = Falola |first = Toyin |author-link = Toyin Falola |date = 1998 |title = Violence in Nigeria: The Crisis of Religious Politics and Secular Ideologies |publisher = [[University of Rochester Press]] |page = 240 |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=4X4oYdPpXGQC&q=%22Anti-Sufism%22 |isbn=978-1-58046-052-1 |quote = Anti-Sufism itself is therefore a marker of identity, and the formation of the Izala proves this beyond any reasonable doubt.}}</ref> (or ''Sufi-phobia'')<ref>Colonialism and Revolution in the Middle East, p. 197, Juan Ricardo Cole – 1999, ''"Ironically, the '''Sufi-phobia''' of the British consuls in the aftermath of 1857 led them to look in the wrong places for urban disturbances in the 1860s.''"</ref> and ''anti-Sunni'' (or ''Sunniphobes'').<ref>'''2005''', Ahmed Hashim, ''Insurgency and Counter-insurgency in Iraq'', Cornell University Press (2006), {{ISBN|9780801444524}}</ref>