Editing Islamism (section)

==Terminology==
Originally the term ''Islamism'' was simply used to mean the religion of Islam, not an ideology or movement. It first appeared in the English language as ''Islamismus'' in 1696, and as ''Islamism'' in 1712.<ref name=OED>{{cite web|title= Islamism, n.|url= http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/99982|work= Oxford English Dictionary|publisher= Oxford University Press|access-date= 27 December 2012|archive-date= 29 November 2014|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20141129015810/http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/99982|url-status= live}}</ref> The term appears in the [[Supreme Court of the United States|U.S. Supreme Court]] decision in ''In Re Ross'' (1891). By the turn of the twentieth century the shorter and purely Arabic term "Islam" had begun to displace it, and by 1938, when Orientalist scholars completed ''The [[Encyclopaedia of Islam]]'', ''Islamism'' seems to have virtually disappeared from English usage.<ref>{{cite web|title= Islamism, n. {{pipe}} Frequency|url= https://www.oed.com/dictionary/islamism_n?tab=frequency|work= Oxford English Dictionary|publisher= Oxford University Press|access-date= 2024-11-24}}</ref> The term remained "practically absent from the vocabulary" of scholars, writers or journalists until the [[Iranian Revolution|Iranian Islamic Revolution]] of 1978–79, which brought [[Ayatollah Khomeini]]'s concept of "Islamic government" to Iran.<ref>{{cite journal |title=What is Islamism? The History and Definition of a Concept |journal=Totalitarian Movements and Political Religions |volume=8 |issue=1 |date=March 2007 |access-date=17 January 2023 |author=Mehdi Mozaffari |url=https://pure.au.dk/ws/files/22326292/What_is_Islamism_Totalitarian_Movements_article.pdf |archive-date=1 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201101050824/https://pure.au.dk/ws/files/22326292/What_is_Islamism_Totalitarian_Movements_article.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>

This new usage appeared without taking into consideration how the term ''Islamist'' (m. sing.: ''Islami'', pl. nom/acc: ''Islamiyyun'', gen. ''Islamiyyin;'' f. sing/pl: ''Islamiyyah'') was already being used in traditional Arabic scholarship in a theological sense as in relating to the religion of Islam, not a political ideology. In heresiographical, theological and historical works, such as [[Abu Hasan al-Ash'ari|al-Ash'ari]]'s well-known encyclopaedia ''[[Maqālāt al-Islāmiyyīn]]'' (''The Opinions of The Islamists''), an Islamist refers to any person who attributes himself to Islam without affirming nor negating that attribution. If used consistently, it is for impartiality, but if used in reference to a certain person or group in particular without others, it implies that the author is either unsure whether to affirm or negate their attribution to Islam, or trying to insinuate his disapproval of the attribution without controversy.<ref>{{Cite web |title=تأملات في معنى مصطلح إسلامي |url=https://thenewkhalij.news/article/16712/%D8%AA%D8%A3%D9%85%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D9%85%D8%B9%D9%86%D9%89-%D9%85%D8%B5%D8%B7%D9%84%D8%AD-%D8%A5%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%8A |access-date=4 May 2023 |archive-date=4 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230504085440/https://thenewkhalij.news/article/16712/%D8%AA%D8%A3%D9%85%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D9%85%D8%B9%D9%86%D9%89-%D9%85%D8%B5%D8%B7%D9%84%D8%AD-%D8%A5%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%8A |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=AYARI |first=Badreddine |date=19 July 2012 |title=بين المسلم والاسلامى:مصطلح ( اسلامى) بين الاجتهاد والبدعة |url=https://drsabrikhalil.wordpress.com/2012/07/19/%d8%a8%d9%8a%d9%86-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%85%d8%b3%d9%84%d9%85-%d9%88%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a7%d8%b3%d9%84%d8%a7%d9%85%d9%89%d9%85%d8%b5%d8%b7%d9%84%d8%ad-%d8%a7%d8%b3%d9%84%d8%a7%d9%85%d9%89-%d8%a8%d9%8a%d9%86/ |access-date=4 May 2023 |website=الموقع الرسمي للدكتور صبري محمد خليل خيري |language=ar |archive-date=4 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230504085440/https://drsabrikhalil.wordpress.com/2012/07/19/%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%86-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B3%D9%84%D9%85-%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%89%D9%85%D8%B5%D8%B7%D9%84%D8%AD-%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%89-%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%86/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=admin |date=31 March 2021 |title=الفرق بين "المسلمين" و"الإسلاميين" |url=http://alharakalseyasi.com/4921/ |access-date=4 May 2023 |website=صحيفة الحراك السياسي |language=ar |archive-date=4 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230504085441/http://alharakalseyasi.com/4921/ |url-status=usurped }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Nawal.Alali |title=إسلامي أو إسلاموي: نقلات فوق رقعة من المصطلحات |url=https://www.alaraby.co.uk/%D8%A5%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%8A-%D8%A3%D9%88-%D8%A5%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%88%D9%8A-%D9%86%D9%82%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%81%D9%88%D9%82-%D8%B1%D9%82%D8%B9%D8%A9-%D9%85%D9%86-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B5%D8%B7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%AA |access-date=4 May 2023 |website=alaraby.co.uk/ |language=ar |archive-date=4 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230504090936/https://www.alaraby.co.uk/%D8%A5%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%8A-%D8%A3%D9%88-%D8%A5%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%88%D9%8A-%D9%86%D9%82%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%81%D9%88%D9%82-%D8%B1%D9%82%D8%B9%D8%A9-%D9%85%D9%86-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B5%D8%B7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%AA |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=" مسلم " أم " إسلامي " أم "إسلاموي " .. أين الصواب ..؟ |url=https://montada.echoroukonline.com/showthread.php?t=178006 |website=الشروق |access-date=4 May 2023 |archive-date=4 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230504085433/https://montada.echoroukonline.com/showthread.php?t=178006 |url-status=live }}</ref> In contrast, referring to a person as a [[Muslims|Muslim]] or a [[Kafir]] implies an explicit affirmation or a negation of that person's attribution to Islam. To evade the problem resulting from the confusion between the Western and Arabic usage of the term Islamist, Arab journalists invented the term ''Islamawi'' (''Islamian'') instead of ''Islami'' (''Islamist'') in reference to the political movement, though this term is sometimes criticized as [[Grammar|grammatically]] incorrect.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ali al-Juzu |first=Mustafa |title=زيادة الألف والواو في النسبة |url=https://alarabi.nccal.gov.kw/Home/Article/19698 |access-date=4 May 2023 |archive-date=4 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230504085441/https://alarabi.nccal.gov.kw/Home/Article/19698 |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Definitions===
Islamism has been defined as:
* "the belief that Islam should guide social and political as well as personal life" ([[Sheri Berman]]);<ref name="Berman, S 2003, p. 258">{{cite journal |last=Berman |first=Sheri |title=Islamism, Revolution, and Civil Society |journal=Perspectives on Politics |volume=1 |issue=2 |year=2003 |page=258 |doi=10.1017/S1537592703000197|doi-broken-date=1 November 2024 |s2cid=145201910 }}</ref>
* the belief that Islam should influence political systems ([[Cambridge Advanced Learner's Dictionary|Cambridge English Dictionary]]);<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://dictionary.cambridge.org/us/dictionary/english/islamism|title=Islamism |work=Cambridge English Dictionary}}</ref>
* "the [Islamic] ideology that guides society as a whole and that [teaches] law must be in conformity with the [[Islamic Shari'a|Islamic sharia]]", (W. E. Shepard);<ref name=shepard-1996-40>Shepard, W. E. ''Sayyid Qutb and Islamic Activism: A Translation and Critical Analysis of Social Justice in Islam''. Leiden, New York: E.J. Brill. (1996). p. 40</ref>
* a combination of two pre-existing trends 
** movements to revive the faith, weakened by "foreign influence, political opportunism, moral laxity, and the forgetting of sacred texts";<ref name=ORFPI1994:4>[[#ORFPI1994|Roy, ''Failure of Political Islam'', 1994]]: p. 4</ref>
** the more recent movement against imperialism/colonialism, morphed into a more simple anti-Westernism; formerly embraced by leftists and nationalists but whose supporters have turned to Islam.<ref name=ORFPI1994:4/>
* a form of "religionized politics" and an instance of [[religious fundamentalism]] that imagines an Islamic community claiming global hegemony for its values ([[Bassam Tibi]]);<ref>{{cite book|author=Bassam Tibi|author-link=Bassam Tibi|title=Islamism and Islam|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HyEyLXcIXgUC&pg=PA22|publisher=Yale University Press|year=2012|page=22|isbn=978-0300160147}}</ref>
* "political movement that favors reordering government and society in accordance with laws prescribed by Islam" ([[Associated Press]] stylebook);<ref name="BYERS-2013">{{cite news |last1=Byers |first1=Dylan |title=AP Stylebook revises 'Islamist' use |url=https://www.politico.com/blogs/media/2013/04/ap-stylebook-revises-islamist-use-160943 |access-date=6 February 2023 |agency=Politico |date=5 April 2013 |archive-date=3 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230603060733/https://www.politico.com/blogs/media/2013/04/ap-stylebook-revises-islamist-use-160943 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=cair-5-4-2013/>
* a political ideology which seeks to enforce Islamic precepts and norms as generally applicable rules for people's conduct; and whose adherents seek a state based on Islamic values and laws (sharia) and rejecting Western guiding principles, such as freedom of opinion, freedom of the press, artistic freedom and freedom of religion (Thomas Volk);<ref name="Volk-KAS-2015-1">{{cite journal |last1=Volk |first1=Thomas |title=Islam – Islamism Clarification for turbulent times |journal=Konrad Adenauer Stiftung FACTS & FINDINGS |date=February 2015 |issue=164 |page=1 |url=http://www.jstor.com/stable/resrep10078 |access-date=6 February 2023}}</ref>
* a broad set of political ideologies that use and draw inspiration from Islamic symbols and traditions in pursuit of a sociopolitical objective—also called "political Islam" ([[Encyclopædia Britannica|Britannica]]);<ref name="Zeidan-EB">{{cite web |last1=Zeidan |first1=Adam |title=Islamism |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Islamism |website=Encyclopædia Britannica |access-date=15 January 2023 |archive-date=5 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200605040447/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Islamism |url-status=live }}</ref>
* "[...] [has become shorthand for] 'Muslims we don't like.'" ([[Council on American–Islamic Relations]]—in complaint about AP's earlier definition of Islamist);<ref name=cair-5-4-2013>{{cite web|title=You are here: Home Press Center Press Releases CAIR Condemns Series of Terror Attacks in France, Tunisia and Kuwait CAIR Welcomes AP Stylebook Revision of 'Islamist'|url=https://www.cair.com/press-center/press-releases/11808-cair-welcomes-ap-stylebook-revision-of-islamist.html|website=Council on American-Islamic Relations (CAIR)|access-date=29 June 2015|date=5 April 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150907184257/https://www.cair.com/press-center/press-releases/11808-cair-welcomes-ap-stylebook-revision-of-islamist.html|archive-date=7 September 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref> 
** In "Western popular discourse generally uses 'Islamism' when discussing the negative or 'that-which-is-bad' in Muslim communities. The signifier, 'Islam,' on the other hand, is reserved for the positive or neutral." (David Belt).<ref name="Belt-2009">{{cite journal |last1=Belt |first1=David |title=Islamism in Popular Western Discourse |journal=Policy Perspectives |date=July–December 2009 |volume=6 |issue=2 |pages=1–20 |jstor=42909235 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/42909235 |access-date=6 February 2023 |archive-date=6 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230206182535/https://www.jstor.org/stable/42909235 |url-status=live }}</ref>
* a movement so broad and flexible it reaches out to "everything to everyone" in Islam, making it "unsustainable" (Tarek Osman);<ref name=Osman.p111/>
** an alternative social provider to the poor masses;
** an angry platform for the disillusioned young;
** a loud trumpet-call announcing "a return to the pure religion" to those seeking an identity;
** a "progressive, moderate religious platform" for the affluent and liberal;
** "[...] and at the extremes, a violent vehicle for rejectionists and radicals.<ref name=Osman.p111>Osman, Tarek, ''Egypt on the brink'', 2010, p. 111</ref>
* an Islamic "movement that seeks cultural differentiation from the West and reconnection with the pre-colonial symbolic universe", ([[François Burgat]]);<ref name=Burgat-IMiNA-1997>Burgat, François, "The Islamic Movement in North Africa", U of Texas Press, 1997, pp. 39–41, 67–71, 309</ref>
* "the active assertion and promotion of beliefs, prescriptions, laws or policies that are held to be Islamic in character," ([[International Crisis Group]]);<ref name="ICG"/>
* a movement of "Muslims who draw upon the belief, symbols, and language of Islam to inspire, shape, and animate political activity;" which may contain moderate, tolerant, peaceful activists or those who "preach intolerance and espouse violence", ([[Robert Pelletreau|Robert H. Pelletreau]]);<ref>{{cite web |url=http://dosfan.lib.uic.edu/ERC/bureaus/nea/960508PelletreauMuslim.html |author=Robert H. Pelletreau, Jr. |title=Dealing with the Muslim Politics of the Middle East:Algeria, Hamas, Iran |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010091754/http://dosfan.lib.uic.edu/ERC/bureaus/nea/960508PelletreauMuslim.html |archive-date=10 October 2017 |work=Council on Foreign Relations |date=8 May 1996}}</ref>
* "All who seek to Islamize their environment, whether in relation to their lives in society, their family circumstances, or the workplace ...", ([[Olivier Roy (political scientist)|Olivier Roy]]).<ref name=cwdi-viii>{{cite book|last1=Roy|first1=Olivier|last2=Sfeir|first2=Antoine|title=The Columbia World Dictionary of Islamism|date=2007|publisher=Columbia University Press.|page=viii|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rNrMilgHKKEC&q=principles%20of%20%20islamism&pg=PR8|access-date=15 December 2015|isbn=978-0231146401}}</ref>

===Relationship between Islam and Islamism===
{{further|Political aspects of Islam}}
[[File:A public demonstration demanding Sharia in Britain.jpg|thumb|upright=1.3|Islamists' public demonstration in the [[United Kingdom]] for [[sharia]], October 2009]]
Islamists simply believe that their movement is either a corrected version or a revival of [[Islam]], but others believe that Islamism is a modern deviation from Islam which should either be denounced or dismissed.

A writer for the [[International Crisis Group]] maintains that "the conception of 'political Islam'" is a creation of Americans to explain the [[Iranian Revolution|Iranian Islamic Revolution]], ignoring the fact that (according to the writer) Islam is by definition political. In fact it is [[Political quietism|quietist]]/non-political Islam, not Islamism, that requires explanation, which the author gives—calling it an historical fluke of the "short-lived era of the heyday of secular Arab nationalism between 1945 and 1970".<ref name="ICGUnderstandingIslam">{{cite web|title=Understanding Islamism|url=http://www.crisisgroup.org/~/media/Files/Middle%20East%20North%20Africa/North%20Africa/Understanding%20Islamism.pdf|publisher=[[International Crisis Group]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100808200810/http://www.crisisgroup.org/~/media/Files/Middle%20East%20North%20Africa/North%20Africa/Understanding%20Islamism.ashx|archive-date=8 August 2010|date=2 March 2005|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Hayri Abaza argues that the failure to distinguish Islam from Islamism leads many in the West to equate the two; they think that by supporting illiberal Islamic (Islamist) regimes, they are being respectful of Islam, to the detriment of those who seek to [[Secularism|separate religion from politics]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.newsweek.com/it-islamic-or-islamist-73961|title=Is It Islamic or Islamist?|date=22 October 2010|newspaper=Newsweek|author=Hayri Abaza|access-date=12 March 2014|archive-date=4 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221004035508/https://www.newsweek.com/it-islamic-or-islamist-73961|url-status=live}}</ref>

Another source distinguishes Islamist from Islam by emphasizing the fact that Islam "refers to a religion and [[Islamic culture|culture]] in existence [[History of Islam|over a millennium]]", whereas Islamism "is a political/religious phenomenon linked to the great events of the 20th century". Islamists have, at least at times, defined themselves as "Islamiyyoun/Islamists" to differentiate themselves from "Muslimun/Muslims".<ref>''Final Report of the National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States, The 9/11 Commission Report'', W.W. Norton & Company, New York, (2004), p. 562</ref> [[Daniel Pipes]] describes Islamism as a modern ideology that owes more to European utopian political ideologies and "isms" than to the traditional Islamic religion.<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://nationalinterest.org/article/islam-and-islamism-faith-and-ideology-748|title=Islam and Islamism: Faith and Ideology|date=1 March 2000|journal=The National Interest|issue=Spring 2000|author=Daniel Pipes|access-date=12 March 2014|author-link=Daniel Pipes|archive-date=12 May 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130512141047/http://nationalinterest.org/article/islam-and-islamism-faith-and-ideology-748|url-status=live}}</ref>

According to Salman Sayyid, "Islamism is not a replacement of Islam akin to the way it could be argued that [[communism]] and [[fascism]] are secularized substitutes for Christianity." Rather, it is "a constellation of political projects that seek to position Islam in the centre of any [[social order]]".<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sayyid |first=Salman |title=Recalling the Caliphate: Decolonisation and World Order |publisher=Hurst |year=2014 |location=London |pages=9}}</ref>