Editing Ishi (section)

==Biography==
===Early life===
Ishi was likely born in the year 1861 within the heart of Yahi and Yana territory. At the time of Ishi's birth, the [[Yana people|Yana]] were based in the [[Sierra Nevada Mountains]] area between the Pit and Feather Rivers, with the Yahi subgroup living in the southern portion. Written accounts from the 19th century suggest that the Yahi were hunter-gatherers who lived in small egalitarian bands without centralized political authority, chose to seclude themselves even from neighboring peoples, and fiercely defended their territory of mountain canyons. Like many indigenous tribes in California, the Yana and especially the Yahi suffered heavy population losses when European settlers entered their territory during the [[California Gold Rush]] of 1848–55; prior to this the Yahi probably numbered several hundred, while the total Yana in the larger region numbered around 3,000.<ref name="ucsf-Ishi-Chronology-Rockafellar"/>

[[File:Ishi (First Captive Day) circa 1911-08-29.jpg|thumb|upright|Ishi, August 29, 1911:<br />''Deer Creek Indian''<br />''The Wild Man''<ref name="Sometimes-Interesting">{{cite web |last1=O'Dell |first1=Cary |title=Ishi: The Last Wild North American Indian |url=https://sometimes-interesting.com/2015/04/04/ishi-the-last-wild-north-american-indian/ |website=Sometimes Interesting |access-date=15 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201201163238/https://sometimes-interesting.com/2015/04/04/ishi-the-last-wild-north-american-indian/ |archive-date=1 December 2020 |date=4 April 2015}}</ref>]]
In 1865,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.parks.ca.gov/|title=Butte|website=CA State Parks|access-date=February 8, 2021|archive-date=October 23, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171023212933/https://www.parks.ca.gov/|url-status=live}}</ref> the Yahi were attacked in the [[California Indian Wars|Three Knolls Massacre]], in which 40 of them were killed. Although 33 Yahi survived to escape, cattlemen killed about half of the survivors. The last survivors, including Ishi and his family, went into hiding for the next 44 years. Their tribe was popularly believed to be extinct.<ref name="mpress_ishi">[https://www.mohicanpress.com/mo08019.html ''Ishi: A Real-Life Last Of The Mohicans''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210303173216/https://www.mohicanpress.com/mo08019.html |date=March 3, 2021 }}, Mohican Press</ref> 

The gold rush brought tens of thousands of miners and settlers to northern California, putting pressure on native populations. Gold mining damaged water supplies and killed fish; deer became scarcer. The settlers brought new infectious diseases such as [[smallpox]] and [[measles]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://biography.yourdictionary.com/ishi|title=Ishi|website=biography.yourdictionary.com|access-date=July 21, 2018|archive-date=October 22, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181022155218/http://biography.yourdictionary.com/ishi|url-status=live}}</ref> The northern Yana group went extinct while the central and southern groups (who later became part of [[Redding Rancheria]]) and Yahi populations dropped dramatically. Searching for food, they came into conflict with settlers, who set bounties of 50 cents per scalp and 5 dollars per head on the natives. In 1865, settlers attacked a group of Yahi while they were asleep.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Thornton|first=Russell|title=American Indian Holocaust and Survival|publisher=University of Oklahoma Press|year=292|isbn=978-0806122205|page=110}}</ref>

Richard Burrill wrote, in ''Ishi Rediscovered'': 
{{blockquote|In 1865, near the Yahi's special place, Black Rock, the waters of Mill Creek turned red at the Three Knolls Massacre. "Sixteen" or "seventeen" Indian fighters killed about forty Yahi, as part of a retaliatory attack for two white women and a man killed at the Workman's household on Lower Concow Creek near Oroville. Eleven of the Indian fighters that day were Robert A. Anderson, [[Hiram Good|Harmon (Hi) Good]], Sim Moak, Hardy Thomasson, Jack Houser, Henry Curtis, his brother Frank Curtis, as well as Tom Gore, Bill Matthews, and William Merithew. W. J. Seagraves visited the site, too, but some time after the battle had been fought.

Robert Anderson wrote, "Into the stream they leaped, but few got out alive. Instead many dead bodies floated down the rapid current." One captive Indian woman named Mariah from Big Meadows (Lake Almanor today), was one of those who did escape. The Three Knolls massacre is also described in Theodora Kroeber's ''Ishi in Two Worlds.''

Since then more has been learned. It is estimated that with this massacre, Ishi's entire cultural group, the Yana/Yahi, may have been reduced to about sixty individuals. From 1859 to 1911, Ishi's remote band became more and more infiltrated by non-Yahi Indian representatives, such as [[Wintun]], [[Nomlaki]], and [[Pit River Tribe|Pit River]] individuals.

In 1879, the federal government started [[American Indian boarding schools|Indian boarding schools]] in California. Some men from the reservations became renegades in the hills. Volunteers among the settlers and military troops carried out additional campaigns against the northern California Indian tribes during that period.<ref name="burrill">Burrill, Richard (2001). ''Ishi Rediscovered''. Barron's art guides, Anthro Company. {{ISBN|978-1878464514}}.</ref>}}

In 1908, a group of surveyors came across the camp inhabited by two men, a middle-aged woman, and an elderly woman. These were Ishi, his uncle, his mother, and a woman who was either a relative or Ishi's wife. The former three fled while the elderly woman tried to hide herself, as she was crippled and unable to flee. The surveyors ransacked the camp, taking fur capes, arrows, bows, and nets. When Ishi appeared near Oroville three years later, he was alone and communicated through mime that his three companions had all died, his uncle and mother by drowning.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Kamiya |first1=Gary |title=Ishi, last 'wild' Indian, found refuge in S.F. |url=https://www.sfgate.com/bayarea/article/Ishi-last-wild-Indian-found-refuge-in-S-F-5737149.php |access-date=14 February 2021 |work=SFGate.com |date=6 September 2014 |quote=In the late 1860s, when Ishi was a small boy, a rancher named Norman Kingsley and three other whites shot 30 Yahi, including babies and young children, in a cave on Mill Creek. In the midst of the slaughter, Kingsley exchanged his .56 Spencer rifle for a .38-caliber Smith and Wesson revolver, because the rifle "tore them up so bad," especially the babies. |archive-date=November 16, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201116055613/https://www.sfgate.com/bayarea/article/Ishi-last-wild-Indian-found-refuge-in-S-F-5737149.php |url-status=live }}</ref>

[[File:ishi.jpg|thumb|A. L. Kroeber, Ishi<ref>{{cite web |last1=Kroeber |first1=Alfred Louis Kroeber |title=The Indian Ishi |url=https://bancroft.berkeley.edu/Exhibits/anthro/5research6_kroeber_ishi.html |website=Foundations of Anthropology at the University of California |publisher=bancroft.berkeley.edu |access-date=11 February 2021 |date=8 September 1911 |quote=In these notes, Kroeber summarized what was known of Ishi just four days after his discovery. |archive-date=October 23, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191023010007/http://bancroft.berkeley.edu/Exhibits/anthro/5research6_kroeber_ishi.html |url-status=live }}</ref> (Cropped from: ''Sam Batwi, Alfred L. Kroeber, and Ishi, at  [[Mount Sutro|Parnassus Heights]] in 1911'') <ref name="ucsf-Ishi-Chronology-Rockafellar">{{cite web |last1=Rockafellar |first1=Nancy |title=The Story of Ishi: A Chronology |url=https://history.library.ucsf.edu/ishi.html |website=A History of UCSF |access-date=13 February 2021 |quote=Yahi translator Sam Batwi, Alfred L. Kroeber, and Ishi, photographed at Parnassus in 1911...Deer Creek area of Tehama county...December 10, 1914 to Feb. 1, 1915: Ishi hospitalized for 62 days, First Tubercular Diagnosis in early 1915.  Summer 1915: Linguistics work with Edward Sapir; Ishi stays with Watermans at Berkeley for three months and is "carefully looked after."  August 22, 1915: Ishi hospitalized for six weeks, then moved to the Museum of Anthropology. |archive-date=July 4, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180704153052/http://history.library.ucsf.edu/ishi.html |url-status=live }}<!--   https://history.library.ucsf.edu/theme_photo8b.html  https://history.library.ucsf.edu/theme_photo8.html  https://history.library.ucsf.edu/theme_photo9.html  https://history.library.ucsf.edu/theme_photo10.html  https://history.library.ucsf.edu/theme_photo11.html    --></ref><!-- https://alumni.berkeley.edu/sites/default/files/styles/960x400/public/ishi_batwi_kroeber.jpg -->]]

===Arrival into European American society===
After the 1908 encounter, Ishi spent three more years in the wilderness. It is unknown exactly when the rest of his family died. Starving and alone, Ishi, at around the age of 50, emerged on August 29, 1911, at the Charles Ward<ref>Archived at [https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211211/yus_PuQR3-E Ghostarchive]{{cbignore}} and the [https://web.archive.org/web/20140110102642/http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yus_PuQR3-E Wayback Machine]{{cbignore}}: {{cite web |last1=Burrill |first1=Richard |date=2009-12-06 |title=Ishi Discovery Site, at the Charles Ward Slaughterhouse, Oroville, CA |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yus_PuQR3-E |access-date=11 February 2021 |publisher=youtube}}{{cbignore}}</ref> slaughterhouse back corral<ref>{{cite web |title=sc26402: Ward's Slaughterhouse on Quincy Road, Oroville, California. Where Ishi was found. in the center of the photo there is a dog lying down in front of the fence. |url=http://archives.csuchico.edu/digital/collection/coll11/id/13677/ |access-date=11 February 2021 |website=Northeastern California Historical Photograph Collection |publisher=Meriam Library. California State University, Chico. |language=en |archive-date=December 8, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221208205555/https://archives.csuchico.edu/digital/collection/coll11/id/13677/ |url-status=live }}</ref> near Oroville after forest fires in the area.<ref name="nytimes-1911-09-07">{{cite news |date=September 6, 1911 |title=Find a Rare Aborigine; Scientists Obtain Valuable Tribal Lore from Southern Yahi Indian. |newspaper=The New York Times |location=San Francisco |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1911/09/07/archives/find-a-rare-aborigine-scientists-obtain-valuable-tribal-lore-from.html |access-date=2012-09-02 |archive-date=February 26, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210226063239/https://www.nytimes.com/1911/09/07/archives/find-a-rare-aborigine-scientists-obtain-valuable-tribal-lore-from.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Smith |first1=Terria |date=6 December 2011 |title=One hundred years with Ishi, the "last wild Indian" of North America |url=https://blog.sfgate.com/kalw/2011/12/05/one-hundred-years-with-ishi-the-last-wild-indian-of-north-america/ |access-date=13 February 2021 |website=[[KALW]] Crosscurrents on sfgate |publisher=sfgate.com |archive-date=December 7, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111207132754/http://blog.sfgate.com/kalw/2011/12/05/one-hundred-years-with-ishi-the-last-wild-indian-of-north-america/ |url-status=live }}</ref> He was found pre-sunset<ref name="timeanddate-sunset-oroville">{{cite web |title=Sunrise and sunset times in Oroville, August 2021 |url=https://www.timeanddate.com/sun/usa/oroville?month=8 |website=Time and Date AS |access-date=15 February 2021 |location=Stavanger, Norway |language=en |archive-date=September 28, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220928035158/https://www.timeanddate.com/sun/usa/oroville?month=8 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>circa 7:00 p.m. – 7:30 p.m.</ref> by Floyd Hefner, son of the next-door dairy owner (who was in town), who was "hanging out", and who went to [[Horse harness|harness]] the horses to the wagon for the ride back to Oroville, for the workers and meat deliveries.<ref name="Kessler--Oroville-Mercury-Register" >{{cite news |last1=Kessler |first1=Adolph |title=Taken from the Butte County Historical Society Diggin's |url=https://www.orovillemr.com/2006/04/18/taken-from-the-butte-county-historical-society-diggins/ |access-date=11 February 2021 |work=Oroville Mercury-Register |date=18 April 2006 |quote=The Sheriff handed me a pair of handcuffs and told me (Adolph Kessler) to put them on him, and to hang on to him. Ishi made no attempt to run or resist the handcuffs but seemed very pleased. At no time did he seem to be real scared but he did a lot of smiling. He did not try to run away or get excited. The Sheriff put him in the buggy, accompanied by Constable John Toland and took him to the county jail.  (Excerpts of article submitted by The Lady of Butte County, Alberta Tracy, with permission of the Butte County Historical Society (Vol. 5 No. 4)) |archive-date=December 8, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221208205556/https://www.orovillemr.com/2006/04/18/taken-from-the-butte-county-historical-society-diggins/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Witnessing slaughterhouse workers included Lewis "Diamond Dick" Cassings, a [[:wiktionary:drugstore cowboy|"drugstore cowboy"]]. When Sheriff J.B. Webber arrived, he directed Adolph Kessler, a 19-year-old slaughterhouse worker, to handcuff Ishi, who smiled and complied.<ref>{{cite web |title=Ad Kessler Interview |url=https://californiarevealed.org/islandora/object/cavpp%3A24943 |website=California Revealed |publisher=californiarevealed.org |access-date=11 February 2021 |archive-date=December 8, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221208205559/https://californiarevealed.org/islandora/object/cavpp:24943 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Kessler1971Interview-corob_000234a">{{cite web |last1=Swartzlow |first1=Ruby |title=Ad Kessler Interview: Discussion of Ishi and his appearance at the slaughterhouse in August 1911. |url=https://archive.org/details/corob_000234a |publisher=Butte County Library |access-date=11 February 2021 |location=Oroville, CA |date=26 March 1971 |quote=via: archive.org}}</ref><ref>Archived at [https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211211/fmu4bV-mldc Ghostarchive]{{cbignore}} and the [https://web.archive.org/web/20160417052745/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fmu4bV-mldc Wayback Machine]{{cbignore}}: {{cite web |last1=Lynch |first1=Lee |author1-link=<!-- https://www.imdb.com/name/nm1833268/ --> |title=Discovery of Ishi, the Last of His Tribe |website=[[YouTube]] |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fmu4bV-mldc |access-date=14 February 2021 |date=March 14, 2014 |quote=Adolph Kessler recounts his discovery of Ishi, the last Yahi Indian, at the Oroville slaughter house in 1911. Video-taped in 1973 at Red Bluff High School.}}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=sc3643: Ishi on the day of his discovery at the Oroville slaughter house by Adolph Kessler. |url=http://archives.csuchico.edu/digital/collection/coll11/id/16152 |website=Northeastern California Historical Photograph Collection |publisher=Meriam Library. California State University, Chico. |access-date=11 February 2021 |language=en |archive-date=December 8, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221208205553/https://archives.csuchico.edu/digital/collection/coll11/id/16152 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |editor1-last=Brown |editor1-first=David Brown |editor2-last=Leek |editor2-first=Nancy Leek |editor3-last=Reifschneider-Smith |editor3-first=Josie Reifschneider-Smith |editor4-last=Womack |editor4-first=Ron Womack |title=Conversations With The Past: Vibrant Voices From Butte, Colusa, Glenn, Modoc, Plumas, Shasta And Tehama Counties |publisher=Association For Northern California Historical Research |url=https://www.anchr.org/product-page/conversations-with-the-past |access-date=11 February 2021 |quote=These memories range from personal accounts about the Bidwells, family cattle drives, early days in Paradise and Chico, hitching canoe rides on riverboat barges, Chico's first teenage aviator, the discovery of Ishi in Oroville, western Colusa County Indian life and John Bidwell's explorations, herding geese (it's not what you might think it is), pioneer life in Orland and Newville including feuding Civil War veterans, memories of Modoc County, the town of Prattville and Big Meadows before Lake Almanor flooded the areas, railroad torpedoes, and President Kennedy's visit to Lassen Volcanic National Park in 1963. |archive-date=January 23, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210123120140/https://www.anchr.org/product-page/conversations-with-the-past |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=100th Anniversary of Ishi's Discovery: August 29, 2011 through August 26, 2012 |url=https://www.californiamuseum.org/Ishi_100 |website=[[California Museum]] |access-date=13 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110916051824/https://www.californiamuseum.org/Ishi_100 |archive-date=16 September 2011}}<!-- https://web.archive.org/web/20110826080243/http://www.californiamuseum.org:80/exhibits/california-indians-making-difference --></ref>

The "wild man" caught the imagination and attention of thousands of onlookers and curiosity seekers. [[University of California, Berkeley]] anthropology professors read about him and "brought him"<ref>{{cite web |title=Butte County Sheriff Letter of Transfer 4 September 1911 |url=https://bancroft.berkeley.edu/Exhibits/anthro/5research6_butte.html |website=Foundations of Anthropology at the University of California |publisher=bancroft.berkeley.edu |access-date=11 February 2021 |quote=Butte County Sheriff: Ishi's Letter of Transfer  J. B. Weber Sheriff W. H. White. Under-Sheriff of Butte County Oroville Cal.,  Sept. 4th, 1911  Received of Sheriff J.B. Webber of Butte county the person of an elderly Yana Indian, name and place of residence at present unknown, recently taken under the protection of the County of Butte, said person to be taken to the {{sic|hide=n|Univrrsity}} of California for linguistic and phonetic study. The welfare and comfort of this said person to be duly looked after until the disposition of his case by proper authority.  Instructor and Assistant Curator  University of California. |archive-date=October 23, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191023010654/http://bancroft.berkeley.edu/Exhibits/anthro/5research6_butte.html |url-status=live }}</ref> to the [[Phoebe A. Hearst Museum of Anthropology#History|''Affiliated Colleges Museum'' (1903–1931)]],<ref name="nytimes-1911-09-07" /> in an old law school building on the [[University of California, San Francisco|University of California's Affiliated Colleges campus]]<ref>{{cite web |title=History of UCSF |url=https://www.ucsf.edu/about/history-1 |website=UC San Francisco |access-date=11 February 2021 |language=en |archive-date=July 29, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190729202138/https://www.ucsf.edu/about/history-1 |url-status=live }}</ref> on [[Mount Sutro|Parnassus Heights]], [[San Francisco]]. Studied by the university,<ref>{{cite news |title=Ishi Host at Reception to Indian Maids |url=https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn85066387/1912-08-26/ed-1/seq-14/ |access-date=11 February 2021 |work=The Call |publisher=National Endowment for the Humanities |date=26 August 1912 |location=San Francisco, CA |page=14 |quote=In addition to making fire for their edification Ishi sang several Indian songs for them. The particular songs they had never heard before, and they sang him one or two of their own tribal tunes in return. Whether they were love songs is an open question, but Ishi refused to smile at any time the rest of the day. |archive-date=December 8, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221208205554/https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn85066387/1912-08-26/ed-1/seq-14/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Ishi also worked as a janitor and lived at the museum the remaining five years of his life.

In October 1911, Ishi, Sam Batwi, [[T. T. Waterman]], and A. L. Kroeber, went to the [[Orpheum Circuit|Orpheum Opera House]] in San Francisco to see Lily Lena (Alice Mary Ann Mathilda Archer, born 1877),<ref>{{cite web |title=Lily Lena (Alice Mary Ann Mathilda Archer) |url=https://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/person/mp66586/lily-lena-alice-mary-ann-mathilda-archer |website=[[National Portrait Gallery, London]] |access-date=14 February 2021 |language=en |archive-date=September 1, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230901224303/https://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/person/mp66586/lily-lena-alice-mary-ann-mathilda-archer |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Kroeber |first1=Karl |last2=Kroeber |first2=Clifton B. |title=Ishi in Three Centuries |date=2003 |publisher=U of Nebraska Press |isbn=978-0-8032-2757-6 |page=21 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YFghGGXLJ7IC&pg=PA21 |access-date=14 February 2021 |language=en |quote=The climactic moment of the evening is Ishi's introduction to 'the silvery voiced and fascinating Orpheum headliner, Lily Lena of the London music halls.' |archive-date=August 5, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230805130953/https://books.google.com/books?id=YFghGGXLJ7IC&pg=PA21 |url-status=live }}</ref><!-- https://calisphere.org/item/ark:/13030/kt8b69n9q1/ --><ref>{{cite news |title=Lily Lena Heads Orpheum Bill: English Singer and New Ballet Are Features of the Big Program |url=https://cdnc.ucr.edu/cgi-bin/cdnc?a=d&d=SFC19100703.2.58&e=-------en--20--1--txt-txIN--------1 |access-date=14 February 2021 |work=The Call |issue=33 |via=California Digital Newspaper Collection |date=3 July 1910 |volume=108 |location=San Francisco |archive-date=September 12, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230912191209/https://cdnc.ucr.edu/cgi-bin/cdnc?a=d&d=SFC19100703.2.58&e=-------en--20--1--txt-txIN--------1 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Shaw |first1=Kenneth |title=Lily Lena's song, 'Have You Got Another Girl at Home Like Mary?' 1908 |url=https://footlightnotes.wordpress.com/2013/01/11/lily-lena-b-1877-english-music-hall-comedienne/ |website=Footlight Notes |language=en |date=11 January 2013 |access-date=February 14, 2021 |archive-date=September 1, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230901223848/https://footlightnotes.wordpress.com/2013/01/11/lily-lena-b-1877-english-music-hall-comedienne/ |url-status=live }}</ref> the "London Songbird," known for "kaleidoscopic" costume changes. Lena gave Ishi a piece of gum as a token.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Wallace |first1=Grant |title=Ishi, the Last Aboriginal Savage in America Finds Enchantment in Vaudville Show |url=https://portal.hearstmuseum.berkeley.edu/catalog/00355d72-5e87-41bf-84d4-9fbe4c1aefc5 |access-date=14 February 2021 |work=[[The San Francisco Call|Sunday Call Magazine]] |ref=Sunday Call |location=San Francisco |archive-date=December 8, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221208205553/https://portal.hearstmuseum.berkeley.edu/catalog/00355d72-5e87-41bf-84d4-9fbe4c1aefc5 |url-status=live }}</ref><!-- https://www.bundeskunsthalle.de/fileadmin/user_upload/01Ausstellungen/san_francisco/Press_Kit_California_Dreams.pdf -->

On May 13, 1914,<ref>{{cite web |last1=Burrill |first1=Richard |title=Ishi's Return Home: The 1914 Anthropological Expedition Story |url=https://www.ishifacts.com/books.php?bookID=12 |website=ishifacts.com |access-date=15 February 2021 |quote=On the evening of May 13, 1914, Ishi and his friends depart from the massive Oakland Mole railroad station, on Southern Pacific's Cascade Limited "overnight" passenger train. Their destination is Vina, in Tehama County, California, located 114 miles north of Sacramento.  Ishi becomes the lead guide for a trip into the rugged and remote Yahi foothill country. They experience, in all, nineteen days of adventure, turmoil, challenges, discoveries, and some resolution. The group remains in the foothill country until the evening of May 30, 1914, when the sleeping volcano, Lassen Peak, awakens and starts erupting! |archive-date=March 11, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220311114327/https://www.ishifacts.com/books.php?bookID=12 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ishi, [[T.T. Waterman|Thomas Talbot Waterman]], Alfred L. Kroeber, [[Saxton Pope]], and Saxton Pope Jr. (11 years old), took [[Southern Pacific Transportation Company|Southern Pacific]]'s ''Cascade Limited'' overnight train, from the [[Oakland Long Wharf#Southern Pacific|Oakland Mole and Pier]] to [[Vina, California]], on a trek in the homelands of the [[Ishi Wilderness|Deer Creek area of Tehama County]],<ref>{{cite web |title=Vina to Oro Quincy Highway & Oak Avenue |url=https://www.google.com/maps/dir/Vina,+CA/Oro+Quincy+Hwy+%26+Oak+Ave,+Oroville,+CA+95966/@39.6260387,-121.6461799,54952m/data=!3m2!1e3!4b1!4m14!4m13!1m5!1m1!1s0x8082ebc6f2409b25:0x11f425da67bf306d!2m2!1d-122.0541313!2d39.9325521!1m5!1m1!1s0x809cb68e92d95897:0x9fd8806c0f94339!2m2!1d-121.5212343!2d39.5118014!3e2 |website=google maps |access-date=13 February 2021 |language=en |archive-date=August 5, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230805130953/https://www.google.com/maps/dir/Vina%2C+CA/Oro+Quincy+Hwy+%26+Oak+Ave%2C+Oroville%2C+CA+95966/%4039.6260387%2C-121.6461799%2C54952m/data%3D%213m2%211e3%214b1%214m14%214m13%211m5%211m1%211s0x8082ebc6f2409b25%3A0x11f425da67bf306d%212m2%211d-122.0541313%212d39.9325521%211m5%211m1%211s0x809cb68e92d95897%3A0x9fd8806c0f94339%212m2%211d-121.5212343%212d39.5118014%213e2 |url-status=live }}</ref> researching and mapping for the University of California,<ref name="ucsf-Ishi-Chronology-Rockafellar"/><ref name="historynet-review-return-home-burrill">{{cite web |author1=Staff |title=Book Review: Ishi's Return Home, by Richard Burrill |url=https://www.historynet.com/book-review-ishis-return-home-by-richard-burrill.htm |website=HistoryNet |access-date=13 February 2021 |date=25 November 2014 |quote=One of the demons Ishi had to confront was the expedition's packer, "One-Eyed Jack" Apperson, who in 1908 was a Vina rancher who helped discover and sack Ishi's Yahi village...Along the way Ishi demonstrated his stone toolmaking ability, and the anthropologists documented his skills as a craftsman, fisherman and bow hunter. Ishi came to confide in Saxton Pope Jr., once telling the boy he "heard his family members calling him." Whatever ghosts there were, Ishi seemed to deal with them just fine. |archive-date=October 23, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151023005856/http://www.historynet.com/book-review-ishis-return-home-by-richard-burrill.htm |url-status=live }}</ref><!-- Adolph Kessler tagged along? --> fleeing on May 30, 1914, during the [[Lassen Peak#1914–1921|Lassen Peak volcano eruption]].

Waterman and Kroeber, director of the museum, studied Ishi closely and interviewed him at length in an effort to reconstruct Yahi culture. He described family units, naming patterns, and the ceremonies he knew. Much tradition had already been lost when he was growing up, as there were few older survivors in his group. He identified material items and showed the techniques by which they were made.

In February 1915, during the [[Panama–Pacific International Exposition]], Ishi was filmed in the [[Mount Sutro|Sutro Forest]] with the actress [[Grace Darling (actress)|Grace Darling]] for [[Hearst-Selig News Pictorial]], No. 30.<ref>{{cite web |author1=[[Selig Polyscope Company]] |title=Hearst-Selig News Pictorial, No. 30 |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt4368042 |website=[[IMDb]] |access-date=15 February 2021 |date=15 April 1915 |quote=San Francisco: Grace Darling visits Ishi, the famous old chief, last of the California Indians who has been an object of scientific study. |archive-date=July 4, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210704034215/https://www.imdb.com/title/tt4368042/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Olsson |first1=Jan |title=Los Angeles Before Hollywood: Journalism and American Film Culture, 1905 to 1915 |date=2007 |publisher=National Library of Sweden |isbn=978-91-88468-06-2 |pages=289–292 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QJ0qAQAAIAAJ |access-date=15 February 2021 |language=en |chapter=7. "Whizz! Bang! Smash!" – Hearst, Girls, and Formats |quote=In the depths of Sutro Forest she ([[Grace Darling (actress)|Grace Darling]]) had an encounter with Ishi, "the wild man, the primitive being who was captured in the remote wilderness of the Sierras by the scientific experts." The Los Angeles Examiner again depicted Darling's activities in registers embracing the wonders of modernity, giving her report on the alleged primitive a racist slant by treating Ishi as an exhibit. "From the last word in twentieth century mechanism to the crude beginnings of primitive life went Grace Darling today." The reporter from the Examiner vicariously translated Ishi's emotions: "All the gallantry that slumbers in the breast of the cave man awakened in Ishi when he met his fair visitor." (Los Angeles Examiner, 18 February 1915, I:8.) |archive-date=September 1, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230901224050/https://books.google.com/books?id=QJ0qAQAAIAAJ |url-status=live }}</ref>

In June 1915, for three months,<ref name="ucsf-Ishi-Chronology-Rockafellar"/> Ishi lived in Berkeley with Waterman and his family.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://www.ucpress.edu/book.php?isbn=9780520271470|title=Ishi in Two Worlds, 50th Anniversary Edition|publisher=[[University of California Press]]|access-date=2012-08-28|archive-date=July 21, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180721132535/https://www.ucpress.edu/book.php?isbn=9780520271470|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[File:Ishi - 1912.jpg|thumb|Ishi, 1912]]

In the summer of 1915,<ref name="ucsf-Ishi-Chronology-Rockafellar"/> Ishi was interviewed on his native [[Yana language]], which was recorded and studied by the [[linguist]] [[Edward Sapir]], who had previously done work on the northern dialects.<ref name="Sapir-AmAnthr-1916">{{cite journal |last1=Sapir |first1=Edward |author1-link=Edward Sapir |title=Terms of Relationship and the Levirate |journal=[[American Anthropologist]] |date=1916 |volume=18 <!-- July, 1916 / 07-09 Vol. 18; Iss. 3 --> |issue=3 |pages=327–337 |doi=10.1525/aa.1916.18.3.02a00030 |url=https://archive.org/details/americananthr18ameruoft |access-date=11 February 2021 |quote=...himself is not  named so as to refer to the levirate, it is highly significant as indicative of this custom that he was said by Ishi to address his wife's children as his own children, thus implying a potential fatherhood in himself...}}<!-- https://brocku.ca/MeadProject/Sapir/bibliography1.html --></ref> These [[wax cylinders]] have had the sound recovered by [[Carl Haber]]'s and Vitaliy Fadeyev's optical [[IRENE (technology)|IRENE technology]].<ref>{{cite web |title=1900-1911 Kroeber Recordings from the Phoebe Hearst Museum at UC Berkeley |url=http://www.irene.lbl.gov/hearst_Examples.html |website=Examples and Comparisons of 3D Optical Scans and Stylus Playback |publisher=IRENE/3D optical scanning project |access-date=13 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151006203957/http://www.irene.lbl.gov/hearst_Examples.html |archive-date=6 October 2015 |date=2011-08-31}}</ref><ref name="IRENE-alumni.berkeley.edu">{{cite web |title=To Hear History: High-Tech Project Will Restore Recorded Native Americans Voices |url=https://alumni.berkeley.edu/california-magazine/just-in/2015-08-27/hear-history-high-tech-project-will-restore-recorded-native |website=Cal Alumni Association |access-date=13 February 2021 |date=27 August 2015 |quote=Among its best known is Ishi's retelling of the Story of Wood Duck, the only recording of the extinct Yahi language. Ishi was recorded between 1911 and 1914 by Berkeley anthropologist T.T. Waterman, who began translating the story but didn't finish because the fuzzy sound quality made the words too difficult to discern. |archive-date=April 21, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210421021612/https://alumni.berkeley.edu/california-magazine/just-in/2015-08-27/hear-history-high-tech-project-will-restore-recorded-native |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Sound Check: Berkeley Rescuer of Old Recordings Garners MacArthur "Genius Grant" |url=https://alumni.berkeley.edu/california-magazine/just-in/2015-08-26/sound-check-berkeley-rescuer-old-recordings-garners-macarthur |website=Cal Alumni Association |access-date=13 February 2021 |date=23 October 2013 |quote=The new technique, developed by Berkeley Lab physicist Carl Haber, goes back to the sound's source: It takes high-res images of the wax cylinders' ridges |archive-date=September 21, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200921113902/https://alumni.berkeley.edu/california-magazine/just-in/2015-08-26/sound-check-berkeley-rescuer-old-recordings-garners-macarthur |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Haber |first1=Carl |author1-link=Carl Haber (physicist) |title=Home Page |url=http://irene.lbl.gov/ |website=Sound Reproduction R & D |access-date=13 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160406194050/http://irene.lbl.gov/ |archive-date=6 April 2016 |quote=Currently the research centers around two efforts.  IRENE (top image above) is a scanning machine for disc records which images with microphotography in two dimensions (2D).  It is under evaluation at the Library of Congress.  For cylinder media, with   vertical cut groove, and to obtain more detailed measurements of discs, a three dimensional (3D) scanner is under development (bottom image).  It is planned to begin evaluating this device at the Library of Congress in 2009.}}</ref>

===Death===
Lacking acquired immunity to common diseases, Ishi was often ill. He was treated by Pope, a professor of medicine at UCSF. Pope became a close friend of Ishi, and learned from him how to make bows and arrows in the Yahi way. He and Ishi often hunted together. Ishi died of [[tuberculosis]] on March 25, 1916.<ref name="obit-Sausalito-News">{{cite news |title=Ishi, Last of Old Tribe, Dies |url=https://cdnc.ucr.edu/?a=d&d=SN19160401-02.2.22&e=-------en--20--1--txt-txIN--------1 |access-date=11 February 2021 |work=Sausalito News |issue=14 |publisher=California Digital Newspaper Collection |date=1 April 1916 |volume=32 |location=Sausalito, California |quote=Sitting upon the side of his cot in the insane cell, Ishi, uncertain of his fate, answered "ulsi" (I don't understand) in the language of his tribe, to a broadside of questions in Spanish, English and half a dozen Indian languages. A few weeks later he was taken in charge by the department of anthropology and became a "scientific specimen" at the museum and later assistant janitor. |archive-date=December 9, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221209115044/https://cdnc.ucr.edu/?a=d&d=SN19160401-02.2.22&e=-------en--20--1--txt-txIN--------1 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="sfChronicleArchive1916">{{cite news |last1=Miller |first1=Johnny |title=Items have been culled from The Chronicle's archives of 25, 50, 75 and 100 years ago. |url=https://www.sfchronicle.com/entertainment/article/49er-Lott-leaps-to-Raiders-6893701.php |access-date=11 February 2021 |work=San Francisco Chronicle |date=16 March 2016 |quote=Thin, hungry and clad only in a cast-off undershirt, Ishi was discovered in August 1911, at a slaughterhouse four miles from Oroville. A few weeks later he was taken in charge by the department of anthropology of the University of California and became a "scientific specimen" at the museum and later an assistant janitor. With two twigs Ishi produced fire out of thin air; with nimble fingers he produced monstrous nets; fashioned with flakes of elk antler the finest arrowheads. According to Professor T. T. Waterman, Ishi was one of a small party of survivors who fled to the hills east of Sacramento in 1865 after suffering<!-- !  check for tone !--> almost complete extermination at the hands of an armed band of whites. |archive-date=December 9, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221209115039/https://www.sfchronicle.com/entertainment/article/49er-Lott-leaps-to-Raiders-6893701.php |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="obit-Journal-Herald-Delaware-Ohio">{{cite news |title=Tribe Now Dead |url=https://ohiomemory.org/digital/collection/p16007coll56/id/1210/ |access-date=11 February 2021 |work=Delaware Daily Journal-Herald |date=1916-06-05 |location=Delaware, Ohio |page=5 |archive-date=September 1, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230901225833/https://ohiomemory.org/digital/collection/p16007coll56/id/1210/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="obit1916-western-sentinel">{{cite news |title=The Stone Age Man... |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/24533661/the-western-sentinel/ |access-date=11 February 2021 |work=The Western Sentinel |date=28 April 1916 |location=Winston-Salem, North Carolina |pages=6 |archive-date=December 9, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221209115040/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/24533661/the-western-sentinel/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Olson |first1=Ryan |title=Friday marks 100th anniversary of Ishi's death |url=https://www.chicoer.com/2016/03/25/friday-marks-100th-anniversary-of-ishis-death/ |access-date=11 February 2021 |work=[[Chico Enterprise-Record]] |publisher=MediaNews Group, Inc. |date=25 March 2016 |quote=The story also notes Ishi's emergence near Oroville and how he became a "scientific specimen" and later assistant janitor at the University of California Affiliated Colleges Museum from 1911 to 1916. The museum was located on what is now UC San Francisco's main campus. |archive-date=December 9, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221209115118/https://www.chicoer.com/2016/03/25/friday-marks-100th-anniversary-of-ishis-death/ |url-status=live }}</ref> It is said that his last words were, "You stay. I go."<ref name="Starr2002">{{cite book|author=Kevin Starr|title=The Dream Endures: California Enters the 1940s|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9HnIh_auw9MC&pg=PA330|year=2002|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-515797-0|page=330|access-date=November 19, 2018|archive-date=September 18, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230918004812/https://books.google.com/books?id=9HnIh_auw9MC&pg=PA330|url-status=live}}</ref> Kroeber, who was in New York at the time of Ishi's death, tried to prevent an autopsy on his body, sending letters and telegrams strongly stating his objections. He believed Yahi tradition called for the body to remain intact. But Pope performed the autopsy, per hospital protocol.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Pope |first=Saxton T. (Saxton Temple) |url=https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/8084 |title=Hunting with the Bow & Arrow |date=2005-05-01 |language=English}}</ref>

Ishi's brain was preserved and his body cremated, in the mistaken belief that cremation was the traditional Yahi practice. His friends placed several items with his remains before cremation: "one of his bows, five arrows, a basket of acorn meal, a boxfull of shell bead money, a purse full of tobacco, three rings, and some obsidian flakes." Ishi's remains, in a deerskin-wrapped Pueblo Indian pottery jar, were interred at [[Olivet Gardens of Cypress Lawn Memorial Park|Mount Olivet Cemetery]] in [[Colma, California]], near [[San Francisco]].<ref name="NPS">[https://www.cr.nps.gov/history/online_books/5views/5views1h39.htm "Ishi's Hiding Place", Butte County] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060716172531/https://www.cr.nps.gov/history/online_books/5views/5views1h39.htm |date=July 16, 2006 }}, ''A History of American Indians in California: Historic Sites'', National Park Service, 2004, accessed November 5, 2010</ref> Kroeber sent Ishi's preserved brain to the Smithsonian Institution in 1917. It was held there until August 10, 2000, when the Smithsonian repatriated it to the descendants of the [[Redding Rancheria]] and [[Pit River]] tribes. This was in accordance with the [[National Museum of the American Indian Act]] of 1989 (NMAI).<ref name="SFC">{{cite web |title=Ishi's Kin To Give Him Proper Burial: Indians to bury brain in secret location in state |first=Kevin |last=Fagan |work=San Francisco Chronicle |date=August 10, 2000 |page=A-5 |url=https://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2000/08/10/MN88399.DTL&ao=all#ixzz1wBvJxpTg |access-date=July 21, 2018 |archive-date=November 29, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111129204716/http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2000/08/10/MN88399.DTL&ao=all#ixzz1wBvJxpTg |url-status=live }}</ref> According to Robert Fri, director of the [[National Museum of Natural History]], "Contrary to commonly-held belief, Ishi was not the last of his kind. In carrying out the repatriation process, we learned that as a Yahi–Yana Indian his closest living descendants are the [[Yana people]] of northern California."<ref>{{cite web |url=https://anthropology.si.edu/repatriation/projects/ishi.htm |title=NMNH – Repatriation Office – The Repatriation of Ishi, the last Yahi Indian |publisher=Anthropology.si.edu |access-date=2013-08-11 |archive-date=June 26, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180626141120/https://anthropology.si.edu/repatriation/projects/ishi.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> His remains were also returned from Colma, and the tribal members intended to bury them in a secret place.<ref name="SFC" />