Editing Isabella Beeton (section)

==Biography==
===Early life, 1836–1854===
[[File:Cheapside and Bow Church engraved by W.Albutt after T.H.Shepherd publ 1837 edited.jpg|thumb|[[Cheapside]], London, where Isabella and her family moved in 1836]]
Isabella Mayson was born on 14 March 1836 in [[Marylebone]], London. She was the eldest of three daughters to Benjamin Mayson, a linen factor (merchant){{efn|Beeton's biographer, [[Kathryn Hughes]], opines that Benjamin, "a vicar's son&nbsp;... though not quite a gentleman, was established in a gentlemanly line of business".{{sfn|Hughes|2006|p=21}}}} and his wife Elizabeth (''{{nee}}'' Jerrom). Shortly after Isabella's birth the family moved to Milk Street, [[Cheapside]], from where Benjamin traded.{{sfn|Hughes|2006|pp=21, 28}}{{efn|Although several biographies state Beeton was at Milk Lane, Hughes considers this as part of the "legend" that surrounds Beeton; birth at the address in the [[City of London]] would have been within the sound of the [[church bell|bells]] of [[St Mary-le-Bow]] church, which would make her a [[cockney]].{{sfn|Hughes|2006|p=28}}}} He died when Isabella was four years old,{{efn|The cause of death was given as "apoplexy" which, Hughes notes, was the term used to cover a range of ailments including alcoholism, syphilis, stroke and heart attack.{{sfn|Hughes|2006|p=32}} The historian Sarah Freeman, in her biography of Beeton, considers that the cause of death was "probably fever, perhaps [[cholera]]".{{sfn|Freeman|1977|p=30}}}} and Elizabeth, pregnant and unable to cope with raising the children on her own while maintaining Benjamin's business, sent her two elder daughters to live with relatives. Isabella went to live with her recently widowed paternal grandfather in [[Great Orton]], [[Cumberland]], though she was back with her mother within the next two years.{{sfn|Hughes|2006|pp=33–34}}

[[File:Epsom New Race Stand – 1829.jpg|thumb|The new race stand at [[Epsom Downs Racecourse|Epsom Racecourse]] in 1829]]
Three years after Benjamin's death Elizabeth married [[Henry Dorling]], a widower with four children. Henry was the Clerk of [[Epsom Downs Racecourse|Epsom Racecourse]], and had been granted residence within the racecourse grounds. The family, including Elizabeth's mother, moved to Surrey{{sfn|Freeman|1977|p=33}} and over the next twenty years Henry and Elizabeth had a further thirteen children. Isabella was instrumental in her siblings' upbringing, and collectively referred to them as a "living cargo of children".{{sfn|David|1961|p=304}}{{sfn|Beetham|2012}}{{efn|The couple's twelfth child, Alfred, was embarrassed about the number of children and sent his father a condom through the post as a practical joke. His father, unhappy with the implication—condoms tended to only be used by prostitutes' clients—sent his son away for an [[apprenticeship]] with the [[Merchant Navy (United Kingdom)|merchant navy]].{{sfn|Freeman|1977|pp=39–40}}{{sfn|Hughes|2006|p=56}}}} The experience gave her much insight and experience in how to manage a family and its household.<ref name="Spec: ED" />

After a brief education at a boarding school in [[Islington]], in 1851 Isabella was sent to school in [[Heidelberg]], Germany, accompanied by her stepsister Jane Dorling. Isabella became proficient in the piano and excelled in French and German; she also gained knowledge and experience in making pastry.{{sfn|Hughes|2006|pp=65, 67–69}}{{sfn|Humble|2006|p=7}}{{efn|The practice in middle class German households at the time was for the mistress of the house to make cakes and puddings herself, rather than instructing the household staff to undertake the task.{{sfn|Freeman|1989|p=163}}}} She had returned to Epsom by the summer of 1854 and took further lessons in pastry-making from a local baker.{{sfn|Beetham|2012}}{{sfn|Hughes|2006|pp=71–72}}

===Marriage and career, 1854–1861===
Around 1854 Isabella Mayson began a relationship with [[Samuel Orchart Beeton]]. His family had lived in Milk Street at the same time as the Maysons—Samuel's father still ran the Dolphin Tavern there—and Samuel's sisters had also attended the same Heidelberg school as Isabella.{{sfn|Hughes|2006|pp=67–68}}{{sfn|Spain|1948|p=48}} Samuel was the first British publisher of [[Harriet Beecher Stowe]]'s ''[[Uncle Tom's Cabin]]'' in 1852 and had also released two innovative and pioneering journals: ''[[The Englishwoman's Domestic Magazine]]'' in 1852 and the ''[[Boys' Own]]'' magazine in 1855.{{sfn|Beetham|2004}}{{sfn|Hughes|2006|p=101}} The couple entered into extensive correspondence in 1855—in which Isabella signed her letters as "Fatty"—and they announced their engagement in June 1855.{{sfn|Spain|1948|pp=63, 67}} The marriage took place at St Martin's Church, Epsom, in July the following year, and was announced in ''[[The Times]]''.<ref name="Times: Marriage" /> Samuel was "a discreet but firm believer in the equality of women"{{sfn|Freeman|1989|p=164}} and their relationship, both personal and professional, was an equal partnership.{{sfn|Beetham|2012}} The couple went to Paris for a three-week honeymoon, after which Samuel's mother joined them in a visit to Heidelberg. They returned to Britain in August, when the newlyweds moved into 2&nbsp;Chandos Villas, a large [[Italianate architecture|Italianate]] house in [[Pinner]].{{sfn|Freeman|1977|pp=127–29}}{{sfn|Nown|1986|pp=9–10, 14}}

[[File:Samuel Orchart Beeton.jpg|thumb|left|[[Samuel Orchart Beeton]] in 1860]]
Within a month of returning from their honeymoon Beeton was pregnant.{{sfn|Hughes|2006|p=157}} A few weeks before the birth, Samuel persuaded his wife to contribute to ''The Englishwoman's Domestic Magazine'', a publication that the food writers Mary Aylett and Olive Ordish consider was "designed to make women content with their lot inside the home, not to interest them in the world outside".{{sfn|Aylett|Ordish|1965|p=224}} The magazine was affordable, aimed at young [[middle class]] women and was commercially successful, selling 50,000 issues a month by 1856.<ref name="BL: EDM" /> Beeton began by translating French fiction for publication as stories or serials.{{sfn|Forster-Walmsley|2013|loc=2587}} Shortly afterwards she started to work on the cookery column—which had been moribund for the previous six months following the departure of the previous correspondent—and the household article.{{sfn|Freeman|1977|p=164}}{{sfn|Nown|1986|p=23}} The Beetons' son, Samuel Orchart, was born towards the end of May 1857, but died at the end of August that year. On the death certificate, the cause of death was given as diarrhoea and cholera, although Hughes hypothesises that Samuel senior had unknowingly contracted [[syphilis]] in a premarital liaison with a prostitute, and had unwittingly passed the condition on to his wife, which would have infected his son.{{sfn|Hughes|2006|pp=181–83}}

While coping with the loss of her child, Beeton continued to work at ''The Englishwoman's Domestic Magazine''. Although she was not a regular cook, she and Samuel obtained recipes from other sources. A request to receive the readers' own recipes led to over 2,000 being sent in, which were selected and edited by the Beetons. Published works were also copied, largely unattributed to any of the sources. These included [[Eliza Acton]]'s ''[[Modern Cookery for Private Families]]'',{{sfn|Hardy|2011|p=203}} [[Elizabeth Raffald]]'s ''[[The Experienced English Housekeeper]]'', [[Marie-Antoine Carême]]'s ''Le Pâtissier royal parisien'',<ref name="VPR: Broomfield" /> [[Louis Eustache Ude]]'s ''The French Cook'', [[Alexis Soyer]]'s ''The Modern Housewife or, Ménagère'' and ''The Pantropheon'', [[Hannah Glasse]]'s ''[[The Art of Cookery Made Plain and Easy]]'', [[Maria Rundell]]'s ''[[A New System of Domestic Cookery]]'', and the works of [[Charles Elmé Francatelli]].{{sfn|Hughes|2006|pp=198–201, 206–10}}<ref name="BL: Beeton" /><ref name="Guard: Brown" /> Suzanne Daly and Ross G. Forman, in their examination of Victorian cooking culture, consider that the plagiarism makes it "an important index of mid-Victorian and middle-class society" because the production of the text from its own readers ensures that it is a reflection of what was actually being cooked and eaten at the time.<ref name="VLC: Culture" /> In reproducing the recipes of others, Beeton was following the recommendation given to her by Henrietta English, a family friend, who wrote that "Cookery is a Science that is only learnt by Long Experience and years of study which of course you have not had. Therefore my advice would be compile a book from receipts from a Variety of the Best Books published on Cookery and Heaven knows there is a great variety for you to choose from."{{sfn|Spain|1948|p=115}}

[[Image:Edmsept1861.jpg|thumb|''[[The Englishwoman's Domestic Magazine]]'', September 1861]]
The Beetons partly followed the layout of Acton's recipes, although with a major alteration: whereas the earlier writer provided the method of cooking followed by a list of the required ingredients, the recipes in ''The Englishwoman's Domestic Magazine'' listed the components before the cooking process.{{sfn|Freeman|1977|p=76}}{{sfn|Paxman|2009|p=114}} Beeton 's standardised layout used for the recipes also showed the approximate costs of each serving, the seasonality of the ingredients and the number of portions per dish.{{sfn|Freeman|1989|p=165}} According to the twentieth-century British cookery writer [[Elizabeth David]], one of the strengths of Beeton's writing was in the "clarity and details of her general instructions, her brisk comments, her no-nonsense asides".<ref name="Spec: ED" /> [[Margaret Beetham]], the historian, sees that one of the strengths of the book was the "consistent principle of organisation which made its heterogeneous contents look uniform and orderly", and brought a consistent style in presentation and layout.<ref name="VLC: Beetham" /> Whereas Daly and Forman consider such an approach as "nothing if not formulaic", Hughes sees it as "the thing most beloved by the mid Victorians, ''a system''".{{sfn|Hughes|2006|p=261}}

During the particularly bitter winter of 1858–59 Beeton prepared her own soup that she served to the poor of Pinner, "Soup for benevolent purposes";{{efn|The soup—which took six and a half hours to make at the cost of {{frac|1|1|2}}d. ("d" was a penny, 1/240 of a pound sterling) per quart—consisted of:<br />"An ox-cheek, any pieces of trimmings of beef, which may be bought very cheaply (say 4&nbsp;lbs.), a few bones, any pot-liquor the larder may furnish, 1/4 peck of onions, 6 leeks, a large bunch of herbs, 1/2&nbsp;lb. of celery (the outside pieces, or green tops, do very well); 1/2&nbsp;lb. of carrots, 1/2&nbsp;lb. of turnips, 1/2&nbsp;lb. of coarse brown sugar, 1/2 a pint of beer, 4&nbsp;lbs. of common rice or pearl barley; 1/2&nbsp;lb. of salt, 1 oz. of black pepper, a few raspings, 10 gallons of water."{{sfn|Beeton|1861|p=65}}}} her sister later recalled that Beeton "was busy making [the] soup for the poor, and the children used to call with their cans regularly to be refilled".<ref name="Times: 1958" />{{sfn|Nown|1986|pp=41–42}} The recipe would become the only entry in her ''[[Mrs Beeton's Book of Household Management|Book of Household Management]]'' that was her own.{{sfn|Snodgrass|2004|p=93}} After two years of miscarriages, the couple's second son was born in June 1859; he was also named Samuel Orchart Beeton.{{efn|The writer [[Nancy Spain]], in her biography of Beeton, put the month of birth as September,{{sfn|Spain|1948|p=124}} while Freeman puts the birth in the autumn.{{sfn|Freeman|1977|p=164}}}} Hughes sees the miscarriages as further evidence of Samuel's syphilis.{{sfn|Hughes|2006|pp=265–66}}

As early as 1857 the Beetons had considered using the magazine columns as the basis of a book of collected recipes and homecare advice, Hughes believes,{{sfn|Hughes|2006|p=188}} and in November 1859 they launched a series of 48-page monthly supplements with ''The Englishwoman's Domestic Magazine''.<ref name="FT: Nov 59" /> The print block for the whole series of the supplements was set from the beginning so the break between each edition was fixed at 48 pages, regardless of the text, and in several issues the text of a sentence or recipe is split between the end of one instalment and the beginning of the next.{{sfn|Allen|van den Berg|2014|p=49}}{{sfn|Cox|Mowatt|2014|p=176}}

The Beetons decided to revamp ''The Englishwoman's Domestic Magazine'', particularly the fashion column, which the historian Graham Nown describes as "a rather drab piece".{{sfn|Nown|1986|p=90}} They travelled to Paris in March 1860 to meet Adolphe Goubaud, the publisher of the French magazine ''Le Moniteur de la Mode''.{{sfn|Spain|1948|p=127}} The magazine carried a full-sized dress pattern outlined on a fold-out piece of paper for users to cut out and make their own dresses. The Beetons came to an agreement with Goubaud for the Frenchman to provide patterns and illustrations for their magazine. The first edition to carry the new feature appeared on 1 May, six weeks after the couple returned from Paris. For the redesigned magazine, Samuel was joined as editor by Isabella, who was described as "Editress".{{sfn|Hughes|2006|pp=269–77}} As well as being co-editors, the couple were also equal partners. Isabella brought an efficiency and strong business acumen to Samuel's normally disorganised and financially wasteful approach.{{sfn|Hughes|2006|pp=181, 272, 275–76}} She joined her husband at work, travelling daily by train to the office, where her presence caused a stir among commuters, most of whom were male.{{sfn|Nown|1986|pp=12, 96}} In June 1860 the Beetons travelled to [[Killarney]], Ireland, for a fortnight's holiday, leaving their son at home with his nurse. They enjoyed the sightseeing, although on the days it rained, they stayed inside their hotel and worked on the next edition of ''The Englishwoman's Domestic Magazine''.{{sfn|Hyde|1951|pp=85–87}} Beeton was impressed with the food they were served, and wrote in her diary that the dinners were "conducted in quite the French style".{{sfn|Freeman|1989|p=281}}

In September 1861 the Beetons released a new, weekly publication called ''[[Queen (magazine)|The Queen, the Ladies' Newspaper]]''.{{efn|After merging with ''Harper's'' magazine to become ''Harper's & Queen'' in 1970, the publication then became ''Harper's'', before its current incarnation, ''[[Harper's Bazaar#Harper's Bazaar UK|Harper's Bazaar]]''.{{sfn|Beetham|2003|p=9}}<ref name="Mail: H&Q" />}} With the Beetons busy running their other titles, they employed [[Frederick Greenwood]] as the editor.{{sfn|Freeman|1977|pp=178–79}}

===''Mrs Beeton's Book of Household Management'' and later, 1861–1865===
{{Quote box|width=30%|bgcolor=#D8F6CE|align=right|quote=I must frankly own, that if I had known, beforehand, that this book would have cost me the labour which it has, I should never have been courageous enough to commence it.|salign = right|source=Isabella Beeton, Preface of the ''Book of Household Management''{{thinsp}}{{sfn|Beeton|1861|p=iii}}}}
The complete version of ''Mrs Beeton's Book of Household Management'', consisting of the 24 collected monthly instalments, was published on 1 October 1861;{{sfn|Hughes|2006|p=282}}{{sfn|Spain|1948|p=164}}{{efn|The full title of the book was ''The Book of Household Management, comprising information for the Mistress, Housekeeper, Cook, Kitchen-Maid, Butler, Footman, Coachman, Valet, Upper and Under House-Maids, Lady's-Maid, Maid-of-all-Work, Laundry-Maid, Nurse and Nurse-Maid, Monthly Wet and Sick Nurses, etc. etc.—also Sanitary, Medical, & Legal Memoranda: with a History of the Origin, Properties, and Uses of all Things Connected with Home Life and Comfort''.{{sfn|Wilson|Wilson|1983|p=175}}}} it became one of the major publishing events of the nineteenth century.{{sfn|Humble|2006|p=8}} Beeton included an extensive 26-page "Analytical Index" in the book. Although not an innovation—it had been used in ''[[The Family Friend (magazine)|The Family Friend]]'' magazine since 1855—Hughes considers the index in the ''Book of Household Management'' to be "fabulously detailed and exhaustively cross-referenced".{{sfn|Hughes|2006|p=241}} Of the 1,112 pages, over 900 contained recipes. The remainder provided advice on fashion, child care, [[animal husbandry]], poisons, the management of servants, science, religion, first aid and the importance in the use of local and seasonal produce.{{sfn|Hughes|2006|pp=255–58}} In its first year of publication, the book sold 60,000 copies.<ref name="Orion: Beeton" /> It reflected [[Victorian morality|Victorian values]], particularly hard work, thrift and cleanliness.<ref name="WRB: Nichols" /> Christopher Clausen, in his study of the British middle classes, sees that Beeton "reflected better than anyone else, and for a larger audience, the optimistic message that mid-Victorian England was filled with opportunities for those who were willing to learn how to take advantage of them".<ref name="AS: Middle Classes" /> The food writer Annette Hope thinks that "one can understand its success. If&nbsp;... young ladies knew nothing of domestic arrangements, no better book than this could have been devised for them."{{sfn|Hope|2005|p=163}}

[[File:Isabella Beeton - Mrs Beeton's Book of Household Management - title page.jpg|thumb|left|upright|Title page of ''[[Mrs Beeton's Book of Household Management]]'', published in 1861]]
The reviews for ''Book of Household Management'' were positive. The critic for the ''[[London Evening Standard]]'' considered that Beeton had earned herself a household reputation, remarking that she had "succeeded in producing a volume which will be, for years to come, a treasure to be made much of in every English household".<ref name="LES: Review" /> The critic for the ''[[Saturday Review (London)|Saturday Review]]'' wrote that "for a really valuable repertory of hints on all sorts of household matters, we recommend Mrs Beeton with few misgivings".{{sfn|Hughes|2006|pp=282–83}} The anonymous reviewer for ''The Bradford Observer'' considered that "the information afforded&nbsp;... appears intelligible and explicit"; the reviewer also praised the layout of the recipes, highlighting details relating to ingredients, seasonality and the times needed.<ref name="BO: review" /> Writing in ''[[The Morning Chronicle]]'', an anonymous commentator opined that "Mrs Beeton has omitted nothing which tends to the comfort of housekeepers, or facilitates the many little troubles and cares that fall to the lot of every wife and mother. She may safely predict that this book will in future take precedence of every other on the same subject."<ref name="MC: Review" /> For the 1906 edition of the book, ''[[The Illustrated London News]]''{{'}}s reviewer considered the work "a formidable body of domestic doctrine", and thought that "the book is almost of the first magnitude".<ref name="ILN: Review" />

Samuel's business decisions from 1861 were unproductive and included an ill-advised investment in purchasing paper—in which he lost £1,000—and a court case over unpaid bills. His hubris in business affairs brought on financial difficulties and in early 1862 the couple had moved from their comfortable Pinner house to premises over their office. The air of central London was not conducive to the health of the Beetons' son, and he began to ail. Three days after Christmas his health worsened and he died on New Year's Eve 1862 at the age of three; his death certificate gave the cause as "suppressed scarlatina" and "laryngitis".{{sfn|Hughes|2006|pp=301–03, 306–08}}{{efn|''Scarlatina'' is an archaic name for [[scarlet fever]].{{sfn|Hughes|2006|p=308}}}} In March 1863 Beeton found that she was pregnant again, and in April the couple moved to a house in [[Greenhithe, Kent]]; their son, who they named Orchart, was born on New Year's Eve 1863.{{sfn|Freeman|1977|pp=226–27}} Although the couple had been through financial problems, they enjoyed relative prosperity during 1863, boosted by the sale of ''The Queen'' to [[Edward William Cox|Edward Cox]] in the middle of the year.{{sfn|Freeman|1977|pp=227–28}}{{sfn|Hughes|2006|p=301}}

In the middle of 1864 the Beetons again visited the Goubauds in Paris—the couple's third visit to the city—and Beeton was pregnant during the visit, just as she had been the previous year. On her return to Britain she began working on an abridged version of the ''Book of Household Management '', which was to be titled ''The Dictionary of Every-Day Cookery''.{{sfn|Hughes|2006|pp=314–16, 319}}{{sfn|Freeman|1977|pp=228–30}} On 29 January 1865, while working on the proofs of the dictionary, she went into labour; the baby—Mayson Moss—was born that day.{{efn|Mayson became a journalist for the ''[[Daily Mail]]''; he was [[Knight Bachelor|knighted]] for his work at the [[Ministry of Munitions]] during the First World War. The Beetons' elder son, Orchart, went on to a career in the army; both died in 1947.{{sfn|Spain|1948|p=255}}}} Beeton began to feel feverish the following day and died of [[postpartum infections|puerperal fever]] on 6 February at the age of 28.{{sfn|Beetham|2012}}{{sfn|Hughes|2006|p=319}}

[[File:WNC Beeton.JPG|thumb|Gravestone of Samuel and Isabella, [[West Norwood Cemetery]]]]
Beeton was buried at [[West Norwood Cemetery]] on 11 February.{{sfn|Beetham|2012}}{{efn|When Samuel died in 1877, at the age of 46, he was buried alongside his wife.{{sfn|Spain|1948|p=254}}}} When ''The Dictionary of Every-Day Cookery'' was published in the same year, Samuel added a tribute to his wife at the end:

{{blockquote|text=Her works speak for themselves; and, although taken from this world in the very height and strength, and in the early days of womanhood, she felt satisfaction—so great to all who strive with good intent and warm will—of knowing herself regarded with respect and gratitude.|author=Samuel Beeton, ''The Dictionary of Every-Day Cookery''{{sfn|Beeton|1865|p=372}}}}