Editing International Phonetic Alphabet (section)

== History ==
{{Main|History of the International Phonetic Alphabet}}

In 1886 a group of French and English language teachers, led by the French linguist [[Paul Passy]], formed what would be known from 1897 onwards as the [[International Phonetic Association]] (in French, {{lang|fr|l'Association phonétique internationale}}).<ref name="IPA194-196">{{harvnb|International Phonetic Association|1999|pp=194–196}}</ref> The idea of the alphabet had been suggested to Passy by [[Otto Jespersen]]. It was developed by Passy along with other members of the association, principally [[Daniel Jones (phonetician)|Daniel Jones]].
The original IPA alphabet was based on the [[Romic alphabet]], an English [[spelling reform]] created by [[Henry Sweet]] that in turn was based on the [[Palaeotype alphabet]] of [[Alexander John Ellis]], but to make it usable for other languages the values of the symbols were allowed to vary from language to language.{{NoteTag|"Originally, the aim was to make available a set of phonetic symbols which would be given ''different'' articulatory values, if necessary, in different languages."<ref>{{harv|International Phonetic Association|1999|pp=195–196}}</ref>}} For example, the sound {{IPAblink|ʃ}} (the ''sh'' in ''shoe'') was originally represented with the letter {{angbr|c}} for English but with {{angbr|x}} for French and German; with German, {{angbr|c}} was used for the {{IPAblink|x}} sound of ''[[Bach]]''.<ref name="IPA194-196" /> With a growing number of transcribed languages this proved impractical, and in 1888 the values of the letters were made uniform across languages. This would provide the base for all future revisions.<ref name="IPA194-196" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Passy |first=Paul |year=1888 |title=Our revised alphabet |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44701189 |journal=[[The Phonetic Teacher]] |volume=3 |issue=7/8 |pages=57–60 |jstor=44701189 |access-date=14 May 2023 |archive-date=18 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230418202055/https://www.jstor.org/stable/44701189 |url-status=live}}</ref>

Since its creation, the IPA has undergone a number of revisions. After relatively frequent revisions and expansions from the 1890s to the 1940s, the IPA remained nearly static until the [[Kiel Convention]] in 1989, which substantially revamped the alphabet. A smaller revision took place in 1993 with the resurrection of letters for [[mid central vowel]]s<ref name="world" /> and the retirement of letters for [[implosive consonant#Voiceless implosives|voiceless implosives]].<ref name="Pullum">{{Cite book |last1=Pullum |first1=Geoffrey K. |title=Phonetic Symbol Guide |title-link=Phonetic Symbol Guide |last2=Ladusaw |first2=William A. |publisher=[[University of Chicago Press]] |year=1986 |isbn=0-226-68532-2 |location=Chicago |pages=152, 209 |author-link=Geoffrey Pullum}}</ref> The alphabet was last revised in May 2005 with the addition of a letter for a [[labiodental flap]].<ref>{{cite web |last=Nicolaidis |first=Katerina |title=Approval of New IPA Sound: The Labiodental Flap |url=http://www2.arts.gla.ac.uk/IPA/flap.htm |date=September 2005 |publisher=International Phonetic Association |access-date=17 September 2006 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060902212308/http://www.arts.gla.ac.uk/ipa/flap.htm |archive-date=2 September 2006}}</ref> Apart from the addition and removal of symbols, changes to the IPA have consisted largely of renaming symbols and categories and in modifying [[typeface]]s.<ref name="world" />

[[Extensions to the International Phonetic Alphabet]] for [[speech pathology]] (extIPA) were created in 1990 and were officially adopted by the [[International Clinical Phonetics and Linguistics Association]] in 1994.<ref>{{harvnb|International Phonetic Association|1999|p=186}}</ref>
They were substantially revised in 2015.