Editing Intellectual history (section)

==History of the discipline==
Intellectual history developed from the [[history of philosophy]] and [[cultural history]] as practiced since the times of [[Voltaire]] (1694–1778) and [[Jacob Burckhardt]] (1818–1897). The scholarly efforts of the eighteenth century can be traced to ''[[The Advancement of Learning]]'' (1605), [[Francis Bacon]]'s call for what he termed "a literary history". In economics, [[John Maynard Keynes]] (1883–1946) was both a historian of economic thought,<ref>John Maynard Keynes, ''Essays in Biography'', Macmillan, 1933.</ref> and the subject of study by historians of economic thought, because of the significance of the [[Keynesian Revolution]].<ref>[[Peter Clarke (historian)|Clark, Peter.]] ''The Keynesian Revolution in the Making, 1924–1936'' (1988); [[Donald Markwell]], ''John Maynard Keynes and International Relations: Economic Paths to War and Peace'' (2006) Oxford University Press.</ref>

The contemporary understanding of intellectual history emerged in the immediate postwar period of the 1940s, in its earlier incarnation as "the history of ideas" under the leadership of [[Arthur Lovejoy]], the founder of the ''[[Journal of the History of Ideas]]''. Since that time, Lovejoy's formulation of "unit-ideas" was developed in different and divergent intellectual directions, such as contextualism, historically sensitive accounts of intellectual activity in the corresponding historical period, which investigative shift is reflected in the replacement of the term "history of ideas" with the term "intellectual history".<ref>Richter, Melvin. "Begriffsgeschichte and the History of Ideas", ''Journal of the History of Ideas'' (1987): 247–263. [https://www.jstor.org/stable/2709557 in JSTOR]</ref>

Intellectual history is multidisciplinary and includes the [[history of philosophy]] and the [[history of economic thought]].

In continental Europe, the pertinent example of intellectual history is ''Begriffsgeschichte'' (History of Concepts, 2010), by [[Reinhart Koselleck]]. In Britain the [[history of political thought]] has been a particular focus since the late 1960s, and is especially associated with [[Cambridge School (intellectual history)|historians at Cambridge]], such as  [[John Dunn (political theorist)|John Dunn]] and [[Quentin Skinner]], who studied European political thought in historical context, emphasizing the emergence and development of concepts such as [[State (polity)|the State]] and [[Freedom]]. Skinner is known for provocative, methodological essays that give prominence to the practice of intellectual history.<ref>Richter, Melvin. "Reconstructing the History of Political Languages: Pocock, Skinner, and the ''Geschichtliche Grundbegriffe''", ''History and Theory'' (1990): 38–70. [http://ir.nmu.org.ua/bitstream/handle/123456789/122486/bdf9f28ccd0e5fa91c1b6dae307c0eed.pdf?sequence=1 online]{{Dead link|date=July 2019 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> In the United States, intellectual history encompass different forms of intellectual production, not just the history of political ideas, and includes fields such as the history of historical thought, associated with [[Anthony Grafton]] (Princeton University) and [[J.G.A. Pocock]] (Johns Hopkins University). Formally established in 2010, the doctorate in History and Culture at [[Drew University]] is one of few graduate programs specializing in intellectual history, in the American and European contexts. Despite the pre-eminence of early modern intellectual historians (those studying the age from the [[Renaissance]] to the [[Age of Enlightenment]]), the intellectual history of the modern period also has been very productive on both shores of the Atlantic Ocean, e.g. ''[[The Metaphysical Club: A Story of Ideas in America]]'' (2001), by [[Louis Menand]] and ''The Dialectical Imagination: A History of the Frankfurt School and the Institute of Social Research, 1923–50'' (1973), by [[Martin Jay]].