Editing Innovation (section)

==Definition==
Surveys of the literature on innovation have found a variety of definitions. In 2009, Baregheh et al. found around 60 definitions in different scientific papers, while a 2014 survey found over 40.<ref name="Henry2014" /> Based on their survey, Baragheh et al. attempted to formulate a multidisciplinary definition and arrived at the following:<blockquote>"Innovation is the multi-stage process whereby organizations transform ideas into new/improved products, service or processes, in order to advance, compete and differentiate themselves successfully in their marketplace"<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Baregheh|first1=Anahita|last2=Rowley|first2=Jennifer|last3=Sambrook|first3=Sally|date=2009-09-04|title=Towards a multidisciplinary definition of innovation|url=https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/00251740910984578/full/html|journal=Management Decision|language=en|volume=47|issue=8|pages=1323–1339|doi=10.1108/00251740910984578|issn=0025-1747}}</ref></blockquote>
In a study of how the [[software industry]] considers innovation, the following definition given by Crossan and Apaydin was considered to be the most complete. Crossan and Apaydin built on the definition given in the [[Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development|Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD)]] Oslo Manual:<ref name="Henry2014">Edison, H., Ali, N.B., & Torkar, R. (2014). [https://torkar.github.io/pdfs/jss-edisonNT13.pdf Towards innovation measurement in the software industry]. ''Journal of Systems and Software'' 86(5), 1390–407.</ref> {{blockquote|Innovation is production or adoption, assimilation, and exploitation of a value-added novelty in economic and social spheres; renewal and enlargement of products, services, and markets; development of new methods of production; and the establishment of new management systems. It is both a process and an outcome.}}
American sociologist [[Everett Rogers]], defined it as follows:<blockquote>"An idea, practice, or object that is perceived as new by an individual or other unit of adoption"<ref>{{Cite book|last=Rogers, Everett M.|title=Diffusion of innovations|date=2003|publisher=Free Press|isbn=0-7432-2209-1|edition=5th|location=New York|oclc=52030797}}</ref></blockquote>
According to Alan Altshuler and Robert D. Behn, innovation includes original invention and creative use. These writers define innovation as generation, admission and realization of new ideas, products, services and processes.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Innovation in American Government: Challenges, Opportunities, and Dilemmas|publisher=Brookings Inst Pr|isbn=978-0-8157-0358-7|date=1 June 1997|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/innovationinamer0000unse}}</ref>

Two main dimensions of innovation are degree of [[novelty]] (i.e. whether an innovation is new to the firm, new to the market, new to the industry, or new to the world) and kind of innovation (i.e. whether it is process or [[product-service system]] innovation).<ref name="Henry2014" /> Organizational researchers have also distinguished innovation separately from creativity, by providing an updated definition of these two related constructs:{{blockquote|Workplace creativity concerns the cognitive and behavioral processes applied when attempting to generate novel ideas. Workplace innovation concerns the processes applied when attempting to implement new ideas. Specifically, innovation involves some combination of problem/opportunity identification, the introduction, adoption or modification of new ideas germane to organizational needs, the promotion of these ideas, and the practical implementation of these ideas.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Hughes|first1=D. J.|last2=Lee|first2=A.|last3=Tian|first3=A. W.|last4=Newman|first4=A.|last5=Legood|first5=A.|year=2018|title=Leadership, creativity, and innovation: A critical review and practical recommendations|journal=The Leadership Quarterly|volume=29|issue=5|pages=549–569|doi=10.1016/j.leaqua.2018.03.001|hdl=10871/32289|s2cid=149671044|url=https://publications.aston.ac.uk/id/eprint/33129/1/LQfinalversionR2_2018.02.22.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191224045013/https://publications.aston.ac.uk/id/eprint/33129/1/LQfinalversionR2_2018.02.22.pdf |archive-date=2019-12-24 |url-status=live|hdl-access=free}}</ref>}}

[[Peter Drucker]] wrote:

{{blockquote|Innovation is the specific function of entrepreneurship, whether in an existing business, a public service institution, or a new venture started by a lone individual in the family kitchen. It is the means by which the entrepreneur either creates new wealth-producing resources or endows existing resources with enhanced potential for creating wealth.<ref name="Drucker">{{cite journal |title=The Discipline of Innovation |journal=[[Harvard Business Review]] |url= http://hbr.org/2002/08/the-discipline-of-innovation/ar/1 |date=August 2002 |access-date=13 October 2013|last1=Drucker |first1=Peter F. }}</ref>}}

=== Creativity and innovation ===
In general, innovation is distinguished from [[creativity]] by its emphasis on the implementation of creative ideas in an economic setting. [[Teresa Amabile|Amabile]] and Pratt in 2016, drawing on the literature, distinguish between creativity ("the production of novel and useful ideas by an individual or small group of individuals working together") and innovation ("the successful implementation of creative ideas within an organization").<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Amabile |first1=Teresa M. |last2=Pratt |first2=Michael G. |title=The dynamic componential model of creativity and innovation in organizations: Making progress, making meaning |journal=Research in Organizational Behavior |year=2016 |volume=36 |pages=157–183 |doi=10.1016/j.riob.2016.10.001|s2cid=44444992 }}</ref>

===Economics and innovation===
In 1957 the economist [[Robert Solow]] was able to demonstrate that [[economic growth]] had two components. The first component could be attributed to growth in [[Production (economics)|production]] including [[wage labour]] and [[Capital (economics)|capital]]. The second component was found to be [[productivity]]. Ever since, economic historians have tried to explain the process of innovation itself, rather than assuming that technological inventions and technological progress result in productivity growth.<ref>{{cite book | author1=Leonard Dudley |title=Mothers of Innovation: How Expanding Social Networks Gave Birth to the Industrial Revolution |publisher= Cambridge Scholars Publishing |year=2012 |page=4 |isbn=9781443843126 }}</ref>

The concept of innovation emerged after the Second World War, mostly thanks to the works of [[Joseph Schumpeter]] (1883–1950) who described the economic effects of innovation processes as ''[[Creative destruction|Constructive destruction]]''. Today, consistent neo-Schumpeterian scholars see innovation not as neutral or apolitical processes.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Jasanoff |first1=Sheila |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.7208/chicago/9780226276663.001.0001 |title=Dreamscapes of Modernity |last2=Kim |first2=Sang-Hyun |date=2015 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |doi=10.7208/chicago/9780226276663.001.0001 |isbn=978-0-226-27652-6}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Papaioannou |first=Theo |date=2020-05-03 |title=Innovation, value-neutrality and the question of politics: unmasking the rhetorical and ideological abuse of evolutionary theory |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/23299460.2019.1605484 |journal=Journal of Responsible Innovation |language=en |volume=7 |issue=2 |pages=238–255 |doi=10.1080/23299460.2019.1605484 |s2cid=159275720 |issn=2329-9460}}</ref> Rather, innovation can be seen as socially constructed processes. Therefore, its conception depends on the political and societal context in which innovation is taking place.<ref name=":6"/> According to Shannon Walsh, "innovation today is best understood as innovation under capital" (p.&nbsp;346).<ref name=":5">{{Cite journal |last=Walsh |first=Shannon |date=2021-05-21 |title=Marx, subsumption and the critique of innovation |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/13505084211015377 |journal=Organization |volume=30 |issue=2 |pages=345–360 |doi=10.1177/13505084211015377 |s2cid=236375680 |issn=1350-5084}}</ref> This means that the current hegemonic purpose for innovation is capital valorisation and profit maximization, exemplified by the appropriation of knowledge (e.g., through [[patent]]ing), the widespread practice of [[Planned obsolescence]] (incl. lack of [[Repairability|repairability by design]]), and the [[Jevons paradox]], that describes negative consequences of eco-efficiency as energy-reducing effects tend to trigger mechanisms leading to energy-increasing effects.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Lange |first1=Steffen |last2=Pohl |first2=Johanna |last3=Santarius |first3=Tilman |date=2020-10-01 |title=Digitalization and energy consumption. Does ICT reduce energy demand? |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0921800919320622 |journal=Ecological Economics |volume=176 |pages=106760 |doi=10.1016/j.ecolecon.2020.106760 |bibcode=2020EcoEc.17606760L |s2cid=224947774 |issn=0921-8009}}</ref>