Editing Information theory (section)

==Overview==
Information theory studies the transmission, processing, extraction, and utilization of [[information]]. Abstractly, information can be thought of as the resolution of uncertainty. In the case of communication of information over a noisy channel, this abstract concept was formalized in 1948 by [[Claude Shannon]] in a paper entitled ''[[A Mathematical Theory of Communication]]'', in which information is thought of as a set of possible messages, and the goal is to send these messages over a noisy channel, and to have the receiver reconstruct the message with low probability of error, in spite of the channel noise. Shannon's main result, the [[noisy-channel coding theorem]], showed that, in the limit of many channel uses, the rate of information that is asymptotically achievable is equal to the channel capacity, a quantity dependent merely on the statistics of the channel over which the messages are sent.<ref name="Spikes" />

Coding theory is concerned with finding explicit methods, called ''codes'', for increasing the efficiency and reducing the error rate of data communication over noisy channels to near the channel capacity. These codes can be roughly subdivided into data compression (source coding) and [[error-correction]] (channel coding) techniques. In the latter case, it took many years to find the methods Shannon's work proved were possible.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Berrou |first=C. |last2=Glavieux |first2=A. |last3=Thitimajshima |first3=P. |date=May 1993 |title=Near Shannon limit error-correcting coding and decoding: Turbo-codes. 1 |url=https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/397441 |journal=Proceedings of ICC '93 - IEEE International Conference on Communications |volume=2 |pages=1064–1070 vol.2 |doi=10.1109/ICC.1993.397441}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=MacKay |first=D.J.C. |date=March 1999 |title=Good error-correcting codes based on very sparse matrices |url=https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/748992 |journal=IEEE Transactions on Information Theory |volume=45 |issue=2 |pages=399–431 |doi=10.1109/18.748992 |issn=1557-9654}}</ref>

A third class of information theory codes are [[cryptographic algorithm]]s (both [[code (cryptography)|code]]s and [[cipher]]s). Concepts, methods and results from coding theory and information theory are widely used in cryptography and [[cryptanalysis]],<ref>{{Cite book |last=Menezes |first=Alfred J. |url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/9780429881329 |title=Handbook of Applied Cryptography |last2=van Oorschot |first2=Paul C. |last3=Vanstone |first3=Scott A. |date=2018-12-07 |publisher=CRC Press |isbn=978-0-429-46633-5 |edition=1 |language=en |doi=10.1201/9780429466335}}</ref> such as the [[Ban (unit)|unit ban]].