Editing Infibulation (section)

==Female==
{{Further|Female genital mutilation#Type III}}
[[File:FGC Types.svg|right|250px|alt=diagram]]
The [[World Health Organization]] refers to female infibulation as Type III female genital mutilation.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/female-genital-mutilation|title=Female genital mutilation|publisher=[[World Health Organization]]|access-date=2022-11-16}}</ref> Often called "pharaonic circumcision" (or ''farooni'')<ref>{{Cite web |title=Genitalverstümmelung {{!}} Dieter Wunderlich: Buchtipps und mehr |url=https://www.dieterwunderlich.de/weibliche_genitalverstuemmelung.htm |access-date=2023-02-09 |language=de-DE}}</ref> in countries where it is practiced. It refers to the removal of the [[Labia minora|inner]] and [[Labia majora|outer labia]] and the suturing of the [[vulva]]. It is usually accompanied by the removal of the [[Clitoris#Glans|clitoral glans]].<ref>{{cite book|last=El Dareer|first=Asma |author-link=Asma El Dareer |title=Woman, Why Do You Weep: Circumcision and its Consequences|date=1982|publisher=Zed Books|location=London|isbn=978-0862320997|pages=1–2}}</ref><ref>For "pharaonic circumcision", also see [[Ellen Gruenbaum|Gruenbaum, Ellen]] (2001). ''The Female Circumcision Controversy: An Anthropological Perspective''. University of Pennsylvania Press. pp.&nbsp;43–45.</ref> The practice is concentrated in Djibouti, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Somalia, and Sudan.<ref name=Yoder2008/> During a 2014 [[Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys|survey]] in Sudan, over 80 percent of those who had experienced any form of FGM had been sewn closed.<ref name=MICS>{{cite web |title=Sudan Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey 2014 |url=http://mics.unicef.org/files?job=W1siZiIsIjIwMTYvMDUvMTgvMjEvNTkvNTEvODg3L1N1ZGFuXzIwMTRfTUlDU19FbmdsaXNoLnBkZiJdXQ&sha=32907fc39e6e2e6e |publisher=UNICEF |date=2014 |page=214, Table CP.10 |access-date=2019-08-28 |archive-date=2019-07-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190706102152/http://mics.unicef.org/files?job=W1siZiIsIjIwMTYvMDUvMTgvMjEvNTkvNTEvODg3L1N1ZGFuXzIwMTRfTUlDU19FbmdsaXNoLnBkZiJdXQ&sha=32907fc39e6e2e6e |url-status=dead }}</ref>

The procedure leaves a wall of skin and flesh across the [[vagina]] and the rest of the pubic area. By inserting a twig or similar object before the wound heals, a small hole is created for the passage of urine and [[menstruation|menstrual blood]]. The legs are bound together for two to four weeks to allow healing.<ref name=Abdulcarida2011/><ref>[[Comfort Momoh|Momoh, Comfort]] (2005). "Female genital mutilation" in Comfort Momoh (ed.). ''Female Genital Mutilation''. Radcliffe Publishing. p.&nbsp; [https://books.google.com/books?id=dVjIP0RfVAMC&pg=PA7 7].</ref>

The vagina is usually penetrated at the time of a woman's marriage by her husband's penis, or by cutting the tissue with a knife. The vagina is opened further for childbirth and usually closed again afterwards, a process known as defibulation (or deinfibulation) and reinfibulation. Infibulation can cause chronic pain and infection, organ damage, prolonged [[micturition]], urinary incontinence, inability to get pregnant, difficulty giving birth, [[obstetric fistula]],  and fatal bleeding.<ref name=Abdulcarida2011>Abdulcadira, Jasmine, et al. (January 2011). [http://www.smw.ch/content/smw-2011-13137/ "Care of women with female genital mutilation/cutting"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160718085718/http://www.smw.ch/content/smw-2011-13137/ |date=2016-07-18 }}. ''Swiss Medical Weekly'', 6(14). {{PMID|21213149}}</ref>