Editing Indo-Aryan languages (section)

== Classification ==
=== Theories ===
[[File:Indo-Aryan Languages Tree.png|thumb|Classification tree of the Indo-Aryan languages]]
The Indo-Aryan family as a whole is thought to represent a [[dialect continuum]], where languages are often transitional towards neighbouring varieties.{{sfnp|Masica|1991|p=25}} Because of this, the division into languages vs. dialects is in many cases somewhat arbitrary. The classification of the Indo-Aryan languages is controversial, with many transitional areas that are assigned to different branches depending on classification.{{sfnp|Masica|1991|pp=446–463}} There are concerns that a [[tree model]] is insufficient for explaining the development of New Indo-Aryan, with some scholars suggesting the [[wave model]].<ref name="kogan">{{cite journal |last1=Kogan |first1=Anton I. |title=Genealogical classification of New Indo-Aryan languages and lexicostatistics |journal=Journal of Language Relationship |date=2016 |volume=14 |issue=4 |pages=227–258 |doi=10.31826/jlr-2017-143-411 |s2cid=212688418 |url=https://www.jolr.ru/files/(190)jlr2016-14-3-4(227-258).pdf |doi-access=free}}</ref>

==== Subgroups ====
The following table of proposals is expanded from {{harvtxt|Masica|1991}} (from Hoernlé to Turner), and also includes subsequent classification proposals. The table lists only some modern Indo-Aryan languages.

{| class="wikitable" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; border: none; text-align: center; font-size: 80%;"
|+ Indo-Aryan subgroups
! Model !! [[Odia language|Odia]]!! [[Bengali–Assamese languages|Bengali–<br />Assamese]]!! [[Bihari languages|Bihari]]!! [[Eastern Hindi languages|E. Hindi]]!! [[Western Hindi languages|W. Hindi]]!! [[Rajasthani languages|Rajasthani]]!! [[Gujarati languages|Gujarati]]!! [[Pahari languages|Pahari]]!! [[Eastern Punjabi language|E. Punjabi]]!! [[Lahnda|W. Punjabi]]!! [[Sindhi languages|Sindhi]]!! [[Dardic languages|Dardic]]!! [[Marathi–Konkani languages|Marathi–<br />Konkani]]!! [[Sinhala language|Sinhala]]–<br />[[Maldivian language|Dhivehi]]!! [[Romani language|Romani]]
|-
| style="text-align: left;" | [[Rudolf Hoernlé|Hoernlé]] (1880)
| style="background:#ffcd00;" colspan="3"| [[Eastern Indo-Aryan languages|E]]
| style="background:#ff9a54;"| E~W
| style="background:#f60;" colspan="3"| W
| style="background:#c97234;"| [[Northern Indo-Aryan languages|N]]
| style="background:#f60;"| W
| {{dunno}}
| style="background:#f60;"| W
| {{dunno}}
| style="background:#c93434;"| S
| {{dunno}}
| {{dunno}}
|-
| style="text-align: left;" | [[George Abraham Grierson|Grierson]] (−1927)
| style="background:#ffcd00;" colspan="3"| E
| style="background:#ff9a54;"| C~E 
| style="background:#f60;" colspan="5"| [[Central Indo-Aryan languages|C]]
| style="background:#2525ff;" colspan="2"| NW
| style="background:#ff81e6;"| non-IA
| style="background:#c93434;" colspan="2"| S
| style="background:#ff81e6;"| non-IA
|-
| style="text-align: left;" | [[Suniti Kumar Chatterji|Chatterji]] (1926)
| style="background:#ffcd00;" colspan="4"| E
| style="background:#f60;"| Midland
| style="background:#28a128;" colspan="2"| SW
| style="background:#c97234;"| N
| style="background:#2525ff;" colspan="3"| NW
| style="background:#ff81e6;"| non-IA
| style="background:#c93434;" colspan="2"| S
| style="background:#2525ff;"| NW
|-
| style="text-align: left;" | Grierson (1931)
| style="background:#ffcd00;" colspan="3"| E
| style="background:#ff9a54;"| Inter.
| style="background:#f60;"| Midland
| style="background:#ff9a54;" colspan="4"| Inter.
| style="background:#2525ff;" colspan="2"| NW
| style="background:#ff81e6;"| non-IA
| style="background:#c93434;" colspan="2"| S
| style="background:#ff81e6;"| non-IA
|-
| style="text-align: left;" | [[Sumitra Mangesh Katre|Katre]] (1968)
| style="background:#ffcd00;" colspan="3"| E
| style="background:#f60;" colspan="6"| C
| style="background:#2525ff;" colspan="2"| NW
| style="background:#ff81e6;"| Dardic
| style="background:#c93434;" colspan="2"| S
| {{dunno}}
|-
| style="text-align: left;" | [[R. C. Nigam|Nigam]] (1972)
| style="background:#ffcd00;" colspan="3"| E
| style="background:#f60;"| C
| style="background:#f60;"| C (+NW)
| style="background:#f60;" colspan="2"| C
| {{dunno}}
| style="background:#2525ff;" colspan="3"| NW
| style="background:#ff81e6;"| N
| style="background:#c93434;" colspan="2"| S
| {{dunno}}
|-
| style="text-align: left;" | [[George Cardona|Cardona]] (1974)
| style="background:#ffcd00;" colspan="2"| E
| style="background:#f60;" colspan="4"| C
| style="background:#c93434;"| (S)W
| style="background:#2525ff;" colspan="5"| NW
| style="background:#c93434;" colspan="2"| (S)W
| {{dunno}}
|-
| style="text-align: left;" | Turner (−1975)
| style="background:#ffcd00;" colspan="2"| E
| style="background:#f60;" colspan="4"| C
| style="background:#c93434;"| SW
| style="background:#c97234;"| C <small>(C.)</small>~NW <small>(W.)</small>
| style="background:#2525ff;" colspan="4"| NW
| style="background:#c93434;" colspan="2"| SW
| style="background:#f60;"| C
|-
| style="text-align: left;" | [[Ernst Kausen|Kausen]] (2006)
| style="background:#ffcd00;" colspan="3"| E
| style="background:#f60;" colspan="2"| C
| style="background:#28a128;" colspan="2"| W
| style="background:#c97234;"| N
| style="background:#2525ff;" colspan="3"| NW
| style="background:#ff81e6;"| Dardic
| style="background:#c93434;" colspan="2"| S
| style="background:#35d4ce;"| Romani
|-
| style="text-align: left;" | [[Anton I. Kogan|Kogan]] (2016)
| style="background:#ffcd00;" colspan="2"| E
| {{dunno}}
| style="background:#f60;"| C
| style="background:#f60;"| C~NW
| style="background:#2525ff;" colspan="2"| NW
| style="background:#c97234;"| C~NW
| style="background:#f60;"| C
| style="background:#2525ff;" colspan="2"| NW
| style="background:#ff81e6;"| non-IA
| style="background:#c93434;"| S
| style="background:#ec4b4b;"| Insular
| style="background:#f60;"| C
|-
| style="text-align: left;" | [[Ethnologue]] (2020)<ref name="ethnologue23">{{Ethnologue23}}</ref>
| style="background:#ffcd00;" colspan="3"| E
| style="background:#ff9a54;"| EC
| style="background:#f60;"| C
| style="background:#28a128;" colspan="2"| W
| style="background:#c97234;"| EC <small>(E.)</small>~W <small>(C., W.)</small>
| style="background:#28a128;" colspan="2"| W
| style="background:#2525ff;" colspan="2"| NW
| style="background:#c93434;" colspan="2"| S
| style="background:#28a128;"| W
|-
| style="text-align: left;" | [[Glottolog]] (2024)<ref>{{Glottolog|indo1321|Indo-Aryan}}</ref>
| style="background:#ffcd00;" colspan="2"| E
| style="background:#f60;" colspan="5"| Midland
| style="background:#c97234;"| N
| style="background:#2525ff;" colspan="3"| NW
| style="background:#ff81e6;"| Dardic
| style="background:#c93434;"| S
| style="background:#ec4b4b;"| Dhivehi-Sinhala
| style="background:#f60;"| Midland
|}

[[Anton I. Kogan]], in 2016, conducted a [[lexicostatistical]] study of the New Indo-Aryan languages based on a 100-word [[Swadesh list]], using techniques developed by the glottochronologist and comparative linguist [[Sergei Starostin]].<ref name="kogan"/> That grouping system is notable for Kogan's exclusion of Dardic from Indo-Aryan on the basis of his previous studies showing low lexical similarity to Indo-Aryan (43.5%) and negligible difference with similarity to Iranian (39.3%).<ref>{{cite book |last1=Kogan |first1=Anton I. |title=Dardskie yazyki. Geneticheskaya kharakteristika |trans-title=Dardic language. Genetic characteristic |date=2005 |publisher=Vostochnaya literatura |location=Moskva |language=ru}}</ref> He also calculated Sinhala–Dhivehi to be the most divergent Indo-Aryan branch. Nevertheless, the modern consensus of Indo-Aryan linguists tends towards the inclusion of Dardic based on morphological and grammatical features.{{Citation needed|date=November 2023}}

==== Inner–Outer hypothesis ====
{{Main|Inner–Outer hypothesis}}
The '''Inner–Outer hypothesis''' argues for a core and periphery of Indo-Aryan languages, with Outer Indo-Aryan (generally including Eastern and Southern Indo-Aryan, and sometimes Northwestern Indo-Aryan, [[Dardic languages|Dardic]] and [[Pahari language|Pahari]]) representing an older stratum of Old Indo-Aryan that has been mixed to varying degrees with the newer stratum that is Inner Indo-Aryan. It is a contentious proposal with a long history, with varying degrees of claimed phonological and morphological evidence. Since its proposal by [[Rudolf Hoernlé]] in 1880 and refinement by [[George Abraham Grierson|George Grierson]] it has undergone numerous revisions and a great deal of debate, with the most recent iteration by [[Franklin Southworth]] and [[Claus Peter Zoller]] based on robust linguistic evidence (particularly an Outer past tense in ''-l-''). Some of the theory's sceptics include [[Suniti Kumar Chatterji]] and [[Colin P. Masica]].{{Citation needed|date=November 2023}}

=== Groups ===
The below classification follows {{harvcoltxt|Masica|1991}}, and {{harvcoltxt|Kausen|2006}}.

{{Pie chart
|label1=[[Hindustani language|Hindustani]] (including [[Hindi]] and [[Urdu]])
|value1=25.4
|label2=[[Bengali language|Bengali]]
|value2=20.7
|label3=[[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]
|value3=9.4
|label4=[[Marathi language|Marathi]]
|value4=5.6
|label5=[[Gujarati language|Gujarati]]
|value5=3.8
|label6=[[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]]
|value6=3.1
|label7=[[Maithili language|Maithili]]
|value7=2.6
|label8=[[Odia language|Odia]]
|value8=2.5
|label9=[[Sindhi language|Sindhi]]
|value9=1.9
|caption=Percentage of Indo-Aryan speakers by native language:
|other=yes}}

==== Dardic ====
{{main|Dardic languages}}
The '''Dardic languages''' (also Dardu or Pisaca) are a group of Indo-Aryan languages largely spoken in the northwestern extremities of the Indian subcontinent. Dardic was first formulated by [[George Abraham Grierson]] in his [[Linguistic Survey of India]] but he did not consider it to be a subfamily of Indo-Aryan. The Dardic group as a genetic grouping (rather than areal) has been scrutinised and questioned to a degree by recent scholarship: Southworth, for example, says "the viability of Dardic as a genuine subgroup of Indo-Aryan is doubtful" and "the similarities among [Dardic languages] may result from subsequent convergence".<ref name="southworth">{{cite book |last=Southworth |first=Franklin C. |title=Linguistic archaeology of South Asia |publisher=[[Routledge]] |year=2005 |isbn=0-415-33323-7}}</ref>{{rp|149}}

The Dardic languages are thought to be transitional with Punjabi and Pahari (e.g. Zoller describes Kashmiri as "an interlink between Dardic and West Pahāṛī"),<ref name="zoller">{{cite journal |last1=Zoller |first1=Claus Peter |title=Outer and Inner Indo-Aryan, and northern India as an ancient linguistic area |journal=Acta Orientalia |date=2016 |volume=77 |pages=71–132 |url=https://journals.uio.no/actaorientalia/article/download/5355/4695}}</ref>{{rp|83}} as well as non-Indo-Aryan [[Nuristani languages|Nuristani]]; and are renowned for their relatively conservative features in the context of [[Proto-Indo-Aryan language|Proto-Indo-Aryan]].

* '''Kashmiri''': [[Kashmiri language|Kashmiri]], [[Kishtwari language|Kishtwari]], [[Pogali|Poguli]];
* '''Shina''': [[Brokskad language|Brokskad]], [[Kundal Shahi language|Kundal Shahi]], [[Shina language|Shina]], [[Ushojo language|Ushojo]], [[Kalkoti language|Kalkoti]], [[Palula language|Palula]], [[Sawi language (Dardic)|Savi]];
* '''Chitrali''': [[Kalasha-mun|Kalasha]], [[Khowar language|Khowar]];
* '''Kohistani''': [[Bateri language|Bateri]], [[Chilisso language|Chilisso]], [[Gowro language|Gowro]], [[Indus Kohistani language|Indus Kohistani]], [[Kalami language|Kalami]], [[Tirahi language|Tirahi]], [[Torwali language|Torwali]], [[Wotapuri-Katarqalai language|Wotapuri-Katarqalai]];
* '''[[Pashayi languages|Pashayi]]'''
* '''Kunar''': [[Dameli language|Dameli]], [[Gawar-Bati language|Gawar-Bati]], [[Nangalami language|Nangalami]], [[Shumashti language|Shumashti]].

==== Northern Zone ====
{{main|Northern Indo-Aryan languages}}

The '''Northern Indo-Aryan languages''', also known as the '''Pahari''' ('hill') languages, are spoken throughout the Himalayan regions of the subcontinent.

* '''Eastern Pahari''': [[Nepali language|Nepali]], [[Jumli language|Jumli]], [[Doteli]];
* '''Central Pahari''': [[Garhwali language|Garhwali]], [[Kumaoni language|Kumaoni]];
* '''[[Western Pahari]]''': [[Dogri language|Dogri]], [[Kangri language|Kangri]], [[Bhadarwahi language|Bhadarwahi]], [[Churahi]], [[Bhateali]], [[Bilaspuri]], [[Chambeali]], [[Gaddi language|Gaddi]], [[Pangwali]], [[Mandeali language|Mandeali]], [[Mahasu Pahari language|Mahasu Pahari]], [[Jaunsari language|Jaunsari]], [[Kullui language|Kullui]], [[Pahari Kinnauri language|Pahari Kinnauri]], [[Hinduri language|Hinduri]], [[Sarazi language|Sarazi]], [[Sirmauri language|Sirmauri]].

==== Northwestern Zone ====
'''Northwestern Indo-Aryan languages''' are spoken in the northwestern region of India and eastern region of Pakistan. [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] is spoken predominantly in the [[Punjab region]] and is the official language of [[Punjab, India|the northern Indian state of Punjab]], in addition to being the most widely-spoken language in Pakistan. [[Sindhi language|Sindhi]] and its variants are spoken natively in the Pakistani province of [[Sindh]] and neighbouring regions. Northwestern languages are ultimately thought to be descended from [[Shauraseni Prakrit]], with influence from [[Persian language|Persian]] and [[Arabic]].<ref>Sigfried J. de Laet. [https://books.google.com/books?id=PvlthkbFU1UC&dq=persian+language+in+anatolia&pg=PA734 ''History of Humanity: From the seventh to the sixteenth century''] UNESCO, 1994. {{ISBN|9231028138}} p 734</ref>

* '''[[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]'''
** '''''[[Majhi dialect|Central]]''''': [[Majhi dialect|Majhi]]
** '''''[[Majhi dialect|Central]]-[[Lahnda|Western]]''''': [[Dhanni dialect|Dhanni]], [[Jhangvi dialect|Jhangvi]], [[Pahari-Pothwari]], [[Shahpuri dialect|Shahpuri]], [[Thali dialect|Thali]]
** '''''[[Punjabi language#Eastern Punjabi|Eastern]]''''': [[Doabi dialect|Doabi]], [[Malwai dialect|Malwai]], [[Puadhi language|Puadhi]]
** '''''[[Punjabi language#Standard Punjabi|Standard]]'''''
** '''''[[Lahnda|Western]]''''': [[Hindko]] ([[Kohati]], [[Ghebi dialect|Ghebi]], [[Awankari dialect|Awankari]], [[Chachhi dialect|Chachhi]], Peshawari, Hazarvi), [[Inku language|Inku]], ([[Riasti dialect|Riasti]], [[Derawali dialect|Derawali]].
*'''[[Saraiki language|Saraiki]] ''': [[Multani]], [[Riasti]], [[Derawali]].
* '''[[Sindhi languages|Sindhi]]''': [[Sindhi language|Sindhi]], [[Jadgali language|Jadgali]], [[Kutchi language|Kutchi]], [[Luwati language|Luwati]], [[Memoni language|Memoni]], [[Khetrani language|Khetrani]], [[Kholosi language|Kholosi]].

==== Western Zone ====
'''Western Indo-Aryan languages''' are spoken in central and western India, in states such as [[Madhya Pradesh]] and [[Rajasthan]], in addition to contiguous regions in Pakistan. Gujarati is the official language of [[Gujarat]], and is spoken by over 50 million people. In Europe, various [[Romani languages]] are spoken by the [[Romani people]], an itinerant community who historically migrated from India. The Western Indo-Aryan languages are thought to have diverged from their northwestern counterparts, although they have a common antecedent in [[Shauraseni Prakrit]].

*'''[[Rajasthani language|Rajasthani]]''': [[Bagri language|Bagri]], [[Marwari language|Marwari]], [[Mewati language|Mewati]], [[Dhundari language|Dhundari]], [[Harauti language|Harauti]], [[Mewari language|Mewari]], [[Shekhawati language|Shekhawati]], [[Dhatki language|Dhatki]], [[Malvi language|Malvi]], [[Nimadi language|Nimadi]], [[Gujari language|Gujari]], [[Goaria language|Goaria]], [[Loarki language|Loarki]], [[Bhoyari]]/[[Pawari]], [[Kanjari language|Kanjari]], [[Od language|Od]], [[Lambadi]];
* '''[[Gujarati languages|Gujarati]]''': [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]], [[Jandavra language|Jandavra]], [[Saurashtra language|Saurashtra]], [[Aer language|Aer]], [[Vaghri language|Vaghri]], [[Parkari Koli language|Parkari Koli]], [[Kachi Koli]], [[Wadiyara Koli]];
* '''[[Bhil languages|Bhil]]''': [[Kalto language|Kalto]], [[Vasavi language|Vasavi]], [[Wagdi]], [[Gamit language|Gamit]], [[Vaagri Booli language|Vaagri Booli]];
** Northern Bhil: [[Bauria language|Bauria]], [[Bhilori language|Bhilori]], [[Magari language|Magari]];
** Central Bhil: [[Bhili language|Bhili proper]], [[Bhilali language|Bhilali]], [[Chodri language|Chodri]], [[Dhodia language|Dhodia]], [[Dhanki language|Dhanki]], [[Dubli language|Dubli]];
** Bareli: [[Palya Bareli language|Palya Bareli]], [[Pauri Bareli language|Pauri Bareli]], [[Rathwi Bareli language|Rathwi Bareli]], [[Pardhi language|Pardhi]];
* '''[[Khandeshi language|Khandeshi]]'''
* '''[[Domaaki language|Domaaki]]'''
* '''[[Domari language|Domari]]'''
* '''[[Romani language|Romani]]''': [[Carpathian Romani]], [[Balkan Romani]], [[Vlax Romani language|Vlax Romani]], [[Baltic Romani]]; 
** [[Northern Romani dialects|Northern Romani]]
*** British Romani: [[Angloromani language|Angloromani]], [[Welsh Romani language|Welsh Romani]]
*** Northwestern Romani: [[Sinte Romani]], [[Finnish Kalo language|Finnish Kalo]]

==== {{vanchor|Central}} Zone ====
{{main|Central Indo-Aryan languages}}
Within India, [[Central Indo-Aryan languages]] are spoken primarily in the western [[Gangetic plains]], including [[Delhi]] and parts of the [[Central Highlands (India)|Central Highlands]], where they are often transitional with neighbouring lects. Many of these languages, including [[Braj]] and [[Awadhi language|Awadhi]], have rich literary and poetic traditions. [[Urdu]], a Persianised derivative of [[Dehlavi]] descended from [[Shauraseni Prakrit]], is the official language of [[Pakistan]] and also has strong [[Dakhini|historical]] connections to [[India]], where it also has been designated with official status. [[Hindi]], a standardised and Sanskritised register of [[Dehlavi]], is the official language of the [[Government of India]] (along with [[English language|English]]). [[Hindustani language|Together with Urdu]], it is the third most-spoken language in the world.

* '''[[Western Hindi]]''': [[Hindustani language|Hindustani]] (including [[Hindi|Standard Hindi]] and [[Urdu|Standard Urdu]]), [[Kauravi dialect|Khariboli]], [[Braj Bhasha|Braj]], [[Haryanvi language|Haryanvi]], [[Bundeli language|Bundeli]], [[Kannauji language|Kannauji]], [[Parya language|Parya]], [[Sansi language|Sansi]]. 
* '''[[Eastern Hindi]]''': [[Bagheli language|Bagheli]], [[Chhattisgarhi language|Chhattisgarhi]], [[Surgujia language|Surgujia]], [[Awadhi language|Awadhi]] ([[Fiji Hindi]], [[Caribbean Hindustani]]).

==== Eastern Zone ====
{{main|Eastern Indo-Aryan languages}}
The '''Eastern Indo-Aryan''' languages, also known as '''Magadhan''' languages, are spoken throughout the [[Eastern South Asia|eastern subcontinent]], alongside other regions surrounding the northwestern Himalayan corridor. [[Bengali language|Bengali]] is the seventh most-spoken language in the world, and has a strong literary tradition; the [[national anthem]]s of [[India]] and [[Bangladesh]] are written in Bengali. [[Assamese language|Assamese]] and [[Odia language|Odia]] are the official languages of [[Assam]] and [[Odisha]], respectively. The Eastern Indo-Aryan languages descend from Magadhan [[Apabhraṃśa]]<ref name=Ray2007/> and ultimately from [[Magadhi Prakrit]].<ref>{{cite book|contribution=The historical context and development of Indo-Aryan |editor1-last=Cardona |editor1-first=George |editor2-last=Jain |editor2-first=Dhanesh |title=The Indo-Aryan Languages |publisher=[[Routledge]] |place=London |year=2003 |series=Routledge language family series |isbn=0-7007-1130-9 |pages=46–66}}</ref><ref name=Claus2003>{{cite book|title=South Asian folklore: an encyclopedia |chapter=Afghanistan, Bangladesh, India |first1=Peter J. |last1=Claus |first2=Sarah |last2=Diamond |first3=Margaret Ann |last3=Mills |publisher=[[Routledge]] |date=2003 |pages=203}}</ref><ref name=Ray2007>{{cite book|last1=Ray |first1=Tapas S. |date=2007 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OtCPAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA444 |chapter=Eleven: "Oriya" |editor1-last=Jain |editor1-first=Danesh |editor2-last=Cardona |editor2-first=George |title=The Indo-Aryan Languages |publisher=[[Routledge]] |pages=445 |isbn=978-1-135-79711-9}}</ref> Eastern Indo-Aryan languages display many morphosyntactic features similar to those of [[Munda languages]], which are largely absent in western Indo-Aryan languages. It is suggested that "proto-Munda" languages may have once dominated the eastern [[Indo-Gangetic Plain]], and were then absorbed by Indo-Aryan languages at an early date as Indo-Aryan spread east.<ref>Peterson, John (2017). "[http://southasiabibliography.de/uploads/Peterson.pdf The prehistorical spread of Austro-Asiatic in South Asia] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180411025821/http://southasiabibliography.de/uploads/Peterson.pdf |date=11 April 2018 }}". Presented at ICAAL 7, Kiel, Germany.</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Ivani |first1=Jessica K. |last2=Paudyal |first2=Netra |last3=Peterson |first3=John |date=1 September 2020 |title=Indo-Aryan – a house divided? Evidence for the east–west Indo-Aryan divide and its significance for the study of northern South Asia |journal=Journal of South Asian Languages and Linguistics |language=en |volume=7 |issue=2 |pages=287–326 |doi=10.1515/jsall-2021-2029 |issn=2196-078X|doi-access=free }}</ref>

* '''[[Bihari languages|Bihari]]''':
** [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]], [[Caribbean Hindustani]], [[Fiji Hindi]];
** [[Magahi language|Magahi]], [[Khortha language|Khortha]];
** [[Maithili language|Maithili]], [[Angika]], [[Bajjika]], [[Thēthi|Thethi]], Dehati;
** [[Sadanic languages|Sadanic]]: [[Nagpuri language|Nagpuri]], [[Kurmali language|Kurmali (Panchpargania)]];
** [[Tharu languages|Tharu]]:<ref>{{glottolog|thar1284|Tharuic}}</ref> [[Kochila Tharu]], [[Rana Tharu language|Rana Tharu]], [[Kathariya Tharu]], [[Sonha language|Sonha Tharu]], [[Dangaura Tharu]], Chitwania [[Buksa language|Buksa]], [[Majhi language|Majhi]], [[Musasa language|Musasa]];
** [[Kumhali language|Kumhali]], Kuswaric:<ref>{{glottolog|kusw1234|Kuswaric}}</ref> [[Danwar language|Danwar]], [[Bote-Darai language|Bote-Darai]]; 
* '''[[Halbic languages|Halbic]]''': [[Halbi language|Halbi]], [[Kamar language|Kamar]], [[Bhunjia language (Halbic)|Bhunjia]], [[Nahari language|Nahari]];
* '''[[Odia language|Odia]]''': [[Baleswari Odia|Baleswari]], Kataki, [[Ganjami Odia|Ganjami]], [[Sundargadi Odia|Sundargadi]], [[Sambalpuri language|Sambalpuri]], [[Desia language|Desia]];
** [[Bodo Parja language|Bodo Parja]], [[Bhatri language|Bhatri]], [[Reli language|Reli]], [[Kupia language|Kupia]];
* '''[[Bengali–Assamese languages|Bengali–Assamese]]'''
** Bengali-Gauda: [[Bengali language|Bengali]] ([[Bangali dialect|Bangali]], [[Rarhi dialect|Rarhi]], [[Varendri dialect|Varendri]], Sundarbani, [[Manbhumi dialect|Manbhumi]], [[Dhakaiya Kutti]], [[Mymensinghi language|Mymensinghi]], [[Dobhashi]]), [[Chittagonian language|Chittagonian]], [[Sylheti language|Sylheti]], [[Bishnupriya Manipuri language|Bishnupriya Manipuri]], [[Hajong language|Hajong]], [[Noakhali language|Noakhailla]], [[Chakma language|Chakma]], [[Tanchangya language|Tanchangya]], [[Rohingya language|Rohingya]];
** Kamarupic: [[Assamese language|Assamese]] ([[Kamrupi dialects|Kamrupi]], [[Goalpariya dialects|Goalpariya]]), [[Rangpuri language|Rangpuri]], [[Surjapuri language|Surjapuri]], [[Rajbanshi language (Nepal)|Rajbanshi]];

==== Southern Zone ====
Marathi-Konkani languages are ultimately descended from [[Maharashtri Prakrit]], whereas Insular Indo-Aryan languages are descended from [[Elu|Elu Prakrit]] and possess several characteristics that markedly distinguish them from most of their mainland Indo-Aryan counterparts. Insular Indo-Aryan languages (of [[Sri Lanka]] and [[Maldives]]) started developing independently and diverging from the continental Indo-Aryan languages from around 5th century BCE.<ref name="kogan" />

* '''[[Marathi-Konkani languages|Marathi-Konkani]]'''
** Marathic: [[Marathi language|Marathi]], [[Varhadi dialect|Varhadi]], [[Andh language|Andh]], [[Agri dialect|Agri]], Zadi Boli, [[Thanjavur Marathi (language)|Thanjavur]], [[Berar-Deccan Marathi]], [[Phudagi language|Phudagi]], [[Judeo-Marathi|Judeo]], [[Katkari language|Katkari]], [[Varli language|Varli]], [[Kadodi language|Kadodi]];
** Konkanic: [[Konkani language|Konkani]], [[Canarese Konkani]], [[Maharashtrian Konkani]].
* '''Insular Indo-Aryan'''
** [[Sinhala language|Sinhala]]: [[Vedda language|Vedda]]
** [[Maldivian language|Maldivian]]: [[Dhivehi (Addu)|Dhivehi]]

==== Unclassified ====
The following languages are otherwise unclassified within Indo-Aryan:

* '''[[Chinali-Lahuli languages|Chinali–Lahul Lohar]]''':<ref>{{glottolog|chin1491|Chinali–Lahul Lohar}}</ref> [[Chinali language|Chinali]], [[Lahul Lohar language|Lahul Lohar]].
* [[Bazigar language|Bazigar]]
* [[Sheikhgal]]