Editing Indian National Army (section)

==First INA==
{{Main|First Indian National Army|Bidadary resolutions}}
{{See also|Mohan Singh|I Fujiwara|Rash Behari Bose|Indian Independence League|Thirty Comrades}}
[[File:Fujiwara Kikan.jpg|right|299x299px|thumb|Major [[Iwaichi Fujiwara]] greets [[Mohan Singh (general)|Mohan Singh]]. ''Circa'' April 1942.]]
Before the start of World War II, Japan and South-East Asia were major refuges for exiled Indian nationalists. Meanwhile, Japan had [[F Kikan|sent intelligence missions]], notably under [[Major (rank)|Maj.]] [[Iwaichi Fujiwara]], into South Asia to gather support from the Malayan sultans, overseas Chinese, the Burmese resistance and the [[Indian independence movement]]. The Minami Kikan successfully recruited [[Thirty Comrades|Burmese nationalists]], while the F Kikan was successful in establishing contacts with Indian nationalists in exile in [[Thailand]] and [[British Malaya|Malaya]].<ref name="Lebra 1977 23">{{Harvnb|Lebra|1977|p=23}}</ref><ref name="Lebra 1977 24"/> Fujiwara, later self-described as "Lawrence of the Indian National Army" (after [[Lawrence of Arabia]]) is said to have been a man committed to the values which his office was supposed to convey to the expatriate nationalist leaders, and found acceptance among them.<ref name="Lebra 1977 24">{{Harvnb|Lebra|1977|p=24}}</ref><ref name="Fay 1993 75">{{Harvnb|Fay|1993|p=75}}</ref> His initial contact was with [[Giani Pritam Singh]] and the [[Thai-Bharat Cultural Lodge]].<ref name="Lebra 1977 24"/>
At the outbreak of World War II [[South-East Asian theatre of World War II|in South-East Asia]], 70,000 Indian troops (mostly [[Sikhs]]) were stationed in Malaya. In Japan's spectacular [[Malayan Campaign]] many Indian prisoners-of-war were captured, including nearly 45,000 after the [[Battle of Singapore|fall of Singapore]] alone.<ref name=Toye2007p4>{{Harvnb|Toye|2007|p=4}}</ref> The conditions of service within the British-Indian Army and the social conditions in Malaya had led to dissension among these troops.<ref name=Faye56and224and226>{{Harvnb|Fay|1993|pp=56, 224, 226}}</ref><ref name=Toye30>{{Harvnb|Toye|1959|p=30}}</ref> From these prisoners, the [[First Indian National Army]] was formed under [[Mohan Singh (general)|Mohan Singh]]. Singh was an officer in the British-Indian Army who was captured early in the Malayan campaign. His nationalist sympathies found an ally in Fujiwara and he received considerable Japanese aid and support.<ref name=Toye7and8>{{Harvnb|Toye|1959|p=7,8}}</ref> Ethnic Indians in Southeast Asia also supported the cause of Indian independence and had formed local leagues in Malaya before the war. These came together with encouragement from Japan after the occupation, forming the [[Indian Independence League]] (IIL).<ref name=Fay91and108>{{Harvnb|Fay|1993|pp=91, 108}}</ref>

Although there were a number of prominent local Indians working in the IIL, the overall leadership came to rest with [[Rash Behari Bose]], an Indian revolutionary who had lived in self-exile in Japan since World War I.<ref name=Faye108>{{Harvnb|Fay|1993|p=108}}</ref> The League and INA leadership decided that the INA was to be subordinate to the IIL. A working council&nbsp;– composed of prominent members of the League and the INA leaders&nbsp;– was to decide on decisions to send the INA to war.<ref name=Lebra2008p77>{{Harvnb|Lebra|2008|p=77}}</ref> The Indian leaders feared that they would appear to be Japanese puppets, so a decision was taken that the INA would go to battle only when the [[Indian National Congress]] called it to do so.<ref name=Fay94>{{Harvnb|Fay|1993|p=94}}</ref><ref name=Fay111>{{Harvnb|Fay|1993|p=111}}</ref> Assurances of non-interference— later termed the [[Bidadary resolutions]]— were demanded of Japan; these would have amounted to a treaty with an independent government.<ref name=Toye2007p4/> In this time, F. Kikan had been replaced by the [[Iwakuro Kikan]] (or I Kikan) headed by [[Hideo Iwakuro]]. Iwakuro's working relationship with the league was more tenuous. Japan did not immediately agree to the demands arising from the Bidadary resolutions. Differences also existed between Rash Behari and the League, not least because Rash Behari had lived in Japan for the considerable time and had a Japanese wife and a son in the Imperial Japanese Army.<ref name=Lebra2008p49>{{Harvnb|Lebra|2008|p=49}}</ref> On the other hand, Mohan Singh expected military strategy and decisions to be autonomous decisions for the INA, independent of the league.<ref name=Fay150>{{Harvnb|Fay|1993|p=150}}</ref>

In November and December 1942, concern about Japan's intentions towards the INA led to disagreement between the INA and the League on the one hand and the Japanese on the other.<ref name=Lebra2008p99>{{Harvnb|Lebra|2008|p=99}}</ref> The INA leadership resigned along with that of the League (except Rash Behari). The unit was dissolved by Mohan Singh in December 1942, and he ordered the troops of the INA to return to PoW camps.<ref name=Toye45>{{Harvnb|Toye|1959|p=45}}</ref><ref name=Fay149>{{Harvnb|Fay|1993|p=149}}</ref> Mohan Singh was expected to be shot.<ref name=Toye45/>

Between December 1942 and February 1943, Rash Behari struggled to hold the INA together.<ref name=Fay151>{{Harvnb|Fay|1993|p=151}}</ref> On 15 February 1943, the army itself was put under the command of [[Lieutenant Colonel|Lt. Col.]] [[M.Z. Kiani]].<ref>{{cite web | url=http://wn.com/Lt_Col_M_Z_Kiani | title=MZ Kiani | publisher=World News | access-date=2011-08-12}}</ref> A policy forming body was formed with [[J.R. Bhonsle|Lt. Col J.R. Bhonsle]] (Director of the Military Bureau) in charge and clearly placed under the authority of the IIL. Under Bhonsle served [[Shah Nawaz Khan (general)|Lt. Col. Shah Nawaz Khan]] as Chief of General Staff, [[P.K. Sahgal|Major P.K. Sahgal]] as Military Secretary, [[Raja Habib ur Rahman Khan|Major Habib ur Rahman]] as commandant of the Officers' Training School and Lt. Col. A.C. Chatterji  (later Major A.D. Jahangir) as head of enlightenment and culture.<ref name="Fay151"/><ref name=Lebra2008p98>{{Harvnb|Lebra|2008|p=98}}</ref>