Editing In vitro (section)

==Definition==
''In vitro'' ([[Latin language|Latin]] for "in glass"; often not italicized in English usage<ref name="MWCD">{{Citation | author = Merriam-Webster | author-link = Merriam-Webster | title = Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary | publisher = Merriam-Webster | url = http://unabridged.merriam-webster.com/collegiate/ | postscript = . | access-date = 2014-04-20 | archive-date = 2020-10-10 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20201010163505/https://unabridged.merriam-webster.com/subscriber/login?redirect_to=%2Fcollegiate%2F | url-status = dead }}</ref><ref name="AMA10section12.1.1">{{Cite book |editor1=Iverson, Cheryl |display-editors=etal |title=AMA Manual of Style |edition=10th |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |location=Oxford, Oxfordshire |year=2007 |isbn=978-0-19-517633-9 |section=12.1.1 Use of Italics |url=https://archive.org/details/amamanualofstyle0000unse }}</ref><ref>{{Citation |author=American Psychological Association |author-link=American Psychological Association |year=2010 |title=The Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association |edition=6th |location=Washington, DC, US |publisher=APA |isbn=978-1-4338-0562-2 |section=4.21 Use of Italics |postscript=.}}</ref>) studies are conducted using components of an organism that have been isolated from their usual biological surroundings, such as microorganisms, cells, or biological molecules. For example, microorganisms or cells can be studied in artificial [[culture medium|culture media]], and proteins can be examined in [[Solution (chemistry)|solution]]s. Colloquially called "test-tube experiments", these studies in biology, medicine, and their subdisciplines are traditionally done in test tubes, flasks, Petri dishes, etc.<ref>{{Cite web |title=In vitro methods - ECHA |url=https://echa.europa.eu/support/registration/how-to-avoid-unnecessary-testing-on-animals/in-vitro-methods |access-date=2023-04-11 |website=echa.europa.eu |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Toxicity |first=National Research Council (US) Subcommittee on Reproductive and Developmental |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK222201/ |title=Experimental Animal and In Vitro Study Designs |date=2001 |publisher=National Academies Press (US) |language=en}}</ref> They now involve the full range of techniques used in molecular biology, such as the [[omics]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Omics technologies in chemical testing - OECD |url=https://www.oecd.org/chemicalsafety/testing/omics.htm |access-date=2023-04-11 |website=www.oecd.org}}</ref> 
 
In contrast, studies conducted in living beings (microorganisms, animals, humans, or whole plants) are called ''in vivo''.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Toxicity |first=National Research Council (US) Subcommittee on Reproductive and Developmental |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK222201/ |title=Experimental Animal and In Vitro Study Designs |date=2001 |publisher=National Academies Press (US) |language=en}}</ref>