Editing Imperial County of Reuss (section)

==History of the various states==
Several different principalities of the House of Reuss which had previously existed had by the time of the formation of the [[German Confederation]] become part of the two remaining lines (the '''[[Principality of Reuss Elder Line|Elder]]''' and the '''[[Principality of Reuss Younger Line|Younger]] lines''').  Before then, they had been part first of the [[Holy Roman Empire]], and then the [[Confederation of the Rhine]].

===Origins===
The region including what would become the Principality of Reuss was inhabited in early medieval times by [[Slavic people]] who were converted to Christianity by the [[German Emperor]] [[Otto I, Holy Roman Emperor|Otto I]] (936–973). In church matters the region was under the [[Diocese of Zeitz]] (founded in 968), which became a suffragan of [[Diocese of Magdeburg|Magdeburg]]. On account of the frequent inroads of the Slavs, the residence of the Bishop of [[Zeitz]] was removed to [[Naumburg]] in 1028, after which the [[Episcopal See|See]] was called [[Bishopric of Naumburg-Zeitz|Naumburg-Zeitz]].<ref name=Catholic/>

Upon its subjection to German authority, the whole province was allotted to the [[March of Zeitz]]. As early as the year 1000, however, Emperor [[Otto III]] permitted the entire part lying on the eastern boundary of [[Thuringia]], a wooded area, sparsely populated by the [[West Slavs|West Slavic]] people of the [[Sorbs]], to be cleared for farmland and settled by German settlers. Emperor [[Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor|Henry IV]] appointed Henry the Pious of [[Wünschendorf/Elster|Gleissberg]] (c. 1040−1120) imperial [[vogt]], or [[bailiff]] (''advocatus imperii'') of this settlement area, under the rule of the imperial [[Quedlinburg Abbey]]. He was a son of Erkenbert I of Weida, the oldest known ancestor of the family, who is mentioned in 1122 in the entourage of Count Adalbert of [[Burgberg (ridge)|Everstein]] at the consecration of St John's church in Plauen. The name of the area Heinrich controlled derives from his office: [[Vogtland]] (''Terra advocatorum'', Land of the Bailiff). This designation has remained to this day a geographical summary for a region of 3,467&nbsp;km<sup>2</sup> (comparable roughly to the county of [[Essex]]) which is located in [[Saxony]], Thuringia and, to a lesser extent, in northern [[Bavaria]].

=== The House of the ''Vogts'' (Bailiffs) ===

[[File:Plauen Scheibler101.jpg|thumb|upright|Coat-of-arms of the ''Vogts'' of Gera (1370), since the mid 15th century also of the ''Vogts'' of Plauen and the Lords Reuss of Plauen]]
The position of ''vogt'' soon became hereditary. While the dominions of Heinrich von Gleissberg included the towns [[Gera]] and [[Weida, Thuringia|Weida]], his grandson Henry II the Rich (d. before 1209) also acquired [[Plauen]]. When his three sons divided their inheritance, three independent areas emerged, ruled by the branches of the bailiffs of Weida-Ronneburg, Plauen-Gera and Greiz-Reichenbach. The bailiffs, initially unfree nobles ''([[Ministerialis]])'', quickly rose to the rank of lords. After the division, the official title ''Vogt'' was carried on by all branches and passed on like a hereditary imperial fiefdom. When the bailiffs negotiated a treaty with [[Henry III, Margrave of Meissen]] in 1254, they acted as equal partners. In 1329 Emperor [[Ludwig the Bavarian]] confirmed the bailiffs a rank equal to [[Prince of the Holy Roman Empire|Princes of the Holy Roman Empire]], albeit without the title itself, they continued to use the designation ''Vogt''.

In the 12th and 13th centuries, the bailiffs of Weida gradually became independent of the Quedlinburg Abbey on the lands they administered. Their area included what is generally understood today as Vogtland. Over time the dominions of the bailiffs extended beyond the Vogtland into the [[Western Ore Mountains]], with areas extending into what is now the [[Czech Republic]].

The Weida branch was extinct in 1535, the branch of Greiz-Reichenbach was soon inherited by the branch of Plauen-Gera which then divided into Plauen (elder and younger line) and Gera-Schleiz-Lobenstein (extinct in 1550). The elder Plauen line of the vogts was extinct in 1380, the founder of the younger Plauen line was Henry (d. about 1300), who on account of his stay in Eastern European regions and his marriage with a granddaughter of King [[Daniel of Galicia]] received the surname of "''der Reusse''" ([[Ruthenus]], a term for the [[Kievan Rus']]), whence the name later passed to his country.<ref name=Catholic/> His descendants were styled ''Lords Reuss of Plauen, Greiz and Gera''. The House of Reuss is thus descended from the vogts of Plauen from whom they inherited the cities and lordships of Gera, Greiz, [[Schleiz]] and [[Bad Lobenstein|Lobenstein]]. However, in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries the vogts had lost the greater part of their possessions, most of which fell to the [[Electorate of Saxony]], including Weida in 1427 and Plauen in 1482.

<gallery mode="packed" heights="200">
Album der Schlösser und Rittergüter im Königreiche Sachsen V 129.jpg|[[Plauen]] city and castle (1859)
Osterburg Weida.jpg|[[Osterburg (Weida)|Osterburg Castle]] at Weida
Gera, Thüringen - Schloss Osterstein (Zeno Ansichtskarten).jpg|Osterstein Castle at Gera (until 1918 state capital of the Principality of Reuss Younger Line) 
Greiz Schlösser Unteres und Oberes Schloss oberhalb der Weißen Elster Foto 2009 Wolfgang Pehlemann Wiesbaden IMG 0796.jpg|[[Greiz]] with Upper and Lower Castle (until 1918 state capital of the Principality of Reuss Elder Line)
</gallery>

===House of Reuss===

[[File:Wappen Deutsches Reich - Fürstentum Reuß jüngere Linie.png|thumb|upright|Coat-of-arms of the princely House of Reuss (younger line)]]
In 1306 the Plauen branch of the vogts was subdivided into an elder line (at Plauen) that died out around 1380, and a younger line (at [[Greiz]] and [[Reichenbach im Vogtland|Reichenbach]]), called ''Reuss''. In 1564 the latter was subdivided into three branches, the [[Principality of Reuss Elder Line|Elder]] (extinct in 1927), the Middle (extinct in 1616), and the [[Principality of Reuss Younger Line|Younger]] (of which the ruling line became extinct in 1945) and a side line, split off in 1692, Reuss-[[Bad Köstritz|Köstritz]], which had been raised to (however non-ruling) princes in 1806, still exists with about 30 male relatives, all named ''Heinrich'', as the last surviving branch of the family, with the senior of this branch, the Prince Reuss-Köstritz, as head of the entire house, hence now ''The Fürst Reuss'', while the others hold the agnatic title of prince.

In 1673 the Lords Reuss were raised to [[Imperial Count]]s and (depending on the line) from 1778 (1790 or 1802) to [[Prince of the Holy Roman Empire|Imperial Princes]]. The dynasty ruled divided areas in various lines and sub-lines; around 1700 there were ten Reussian counties of both main branches. The lords, counts and princes were never styled ''of'' Reuss, but rather count or ''prince Reuss'', as Reuss was originally not the name of a town or castle, but rather a personal designation for the founder of the branch that indicated his foreign connection through marriage (''Reussen'' is in fact an older German term for ''Russians''), and the family is still referred to today in the plural as ''die Reussen''.

On account of the close relations of Reuss with the neighbouring Saxon states, Lutheranism speedily gained a foothold in Reuss. The rulers joined the [[Schmalkaldic League]] against the German emperor, and forfeited their possessions, but afterwards recovered them.<ref name=Catholic/>

===Numbering of the Heinrichs===

All the males of the House of Reuss are named Heinrich (Henry) plus a number.

In the [[Reuss Elder Line|elder line]] the numbering covers all male children of the elder House, and the numbers increase until 100 is reached and then start again at 1.

In the [[Reuss Younger Line|younger line]] the system is similar but the numbers increase until the end of the century before starting again at 1.

This odd regulation was formulated as a Family Law in 1688, but the tradition of the uniformity of name was in practice as early as 1200.  It was seen as a way of honoring the [[Hohenstaufen]] [[Emperor]] Heinrich/[[Henry VI, Holy Roman Emperor|Henry VI]], who raised Heinrich der Reiche/Henry the Rich (+1209) to the office of provost of the [[Quedlinburg Abbey]], thus taking on the title of ''vogt''.

===Main partition===
[[File:Reuss Karte.jpg|thumb|350px|right|The Reuss territories in the 18th century: {{unbulleted list|style=margin-top:0.5em
| Green: [[Reuss Elder Line|Reuss elder line]] (Greiz, Burgk)
| Red: [[Reuss-Gera]] (with Saalburg)
| Yellow: [[Reuss-Schleiz]]
| Brown: [[Reuss-Lobenstein]]}}]]
In 1564 the sons of Henry XIII of Reuss at Greiz divided the estates into
*Reuss at Lower Greiz, descendants of Henry XIV the Elder
*Reuss at Upper Greiz, descendants of Henry XV the Middle
*Reuss at Gera, descendants of Henry XVI the Younger.
While the Middle Reuss became extinct in 1616, the Older and Younger lines were divided again several times until in 1778 Count Henry XI united the possessions of Upper and Lower Greiz to the [[Reuss Elder Line|Principality of Reuss Elder Line]]. In return the remaining estates of Gera, considerably larger though, became the [[Reuss Younger Line|Principality of Reuss Younger Line]] in 1806. The two remaining Reuss principalities joined the [[German Confederation]] in 1815. Several subdivisions of the Younger Line merged into a unified state by 1848.

[[Heinrich XXII, Prince Reuss of Greiz|Henry XXII of Reuss Elder line]] is notable among the modern princes of this house for his enmity to [[Kingdom of Prussia|Prussia]], which he opposed in the [[Austro-Prussian War]] of 1866, when the Prussian troops occupied his domain. Henry joined the [[North German Confederation]] and the new [[German Empire]] in 1871. He alone of all the confederate princes remained until his death in 1902 an implacable enemy of [[Prince Bismarck]] and of the conditions created in Germany by the foundation of the empire. Despite his views, his daughter [[Hermine Reuss of Greiz]] later became the second wife of the exiled German Emperor [[Wilhelm II, German Emperor|Wilhelm II]]. Other daughters of the house also made important marriages: [[Countess Augusta Reuss of Ebersdorf]], by marriage the Duchess of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld, was the maternal grandmother of [[Queen Victoria]] and the paternal grandmother of [[Albert, Prince Consort]]. [[Princess Augusta Reuss of Köstritz]] married the Grand Duke of Mecklenburg-Schwerin in 1849 and [[Eleonore Reuss of Köstritz]] became queen consort of Bulgaria in 1908.

[[Heinrich XXIV, Prince Reuss of Greiz]] (1878–1927), was incapable of ruling and therefore the regency passed to the ruling prince of the younger line of Reuss.<ref name=Catholic>{{Catholic|wstitle=Reuss|inline=1}}</ref> Since the childless Heinrich XXIV was the last of his line, it was to be expected that the principality of the elder line would fall to the younger line after his death, and that a united state of Reuss would emerge as a result. However, both lines lost their thrones in the [[German Revolution of 1918–19]] and a united, albeit republican state, the [[People's State of Reuss]], emerged in 1919, only to merge with the larger state of [[Thuringia]] in 1920. The unified state of Reuss had a non-contiguous area of 1,143 square kilometers and 211,324 inhabitants (1919).

A (non-governing) side branch of the younger line had emerged in 1692 when [[Heinrich XXIV, Count Reuss of Köstritz]], a younger son of the ruling count Heinrich I. Reuss of Schleiz, received a number of landed estates as a [[paréage]] within his eldest brother's county, with his main seat at [[Köstritz]] Castle. This branch connected through marriages with important ruling houses, did however not govern their own territory, but lived as landowners in the county of the Schleiz Line. Henry XLIII., count Reuss of Köstritz, was elevated to hereditary [[Fürst]] (prince) by [[Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor|Emperor Francis II]] in 1806 (however without governmental power); the paréage of Köstritz remained within the principality of the younger line.

When the elder line died out with Heinrich XXIV in 1927 and the younger one when Heinrich XLV, son of the last ruler, died childless in 1945 as a prisoner of the communists, thus both main branches having become extinct, the dynastic succession (and the theoretical claims to their thrones) passed to the princely House ''Reuss of Köstritz''. This side line of the Younger Line is therefore the only branch of the entire house that still exists today, but has over 30 male members, all named Heinrich. The family council decided on June 5, 1930, that all members of the remaining family should henceforth omit any line addition (Younger Line or Köstritz) from their names and call themselves ''Prince'' or ''Princess Reuss''. This name (as well as the Heinrichs' count) was retained by a court order even in the [[Weimar republic]]. The current head of the family, Heinrich XIV, dynastic actually ''the Fürst (Prince) Reuss of Köstritz'' (b. 1952), is also styled ''The Fürst (Prince) Reuss'', as Köstritz is no longer a side line but the only branch of the house.<ref>See German article: ''[[:de:Reuß-Köstritz|Reuß-Köstritz]]''.</ref>  His main seat is [[Ernstbrunn]] Castle in Austria which his family had inherited in 1822, while Köstritz Castle was expropriated by communist [[East Germany]] in 1945 and demolished in the 1970s. In 1945, the Princes Reuss lost all of their extended possessions and castles in their ancestral homeland through expropriation. Heinrich XIV and some of his relatives regained some properties in the former Reuss states following [[German Reunification]] in 1990.

===Aftermath===
After [[World War I]], the Reuss territories were unified in 1919 as the [[People's State of Reuss]], which was incorporated into the new state of [[Thuringia]] in 1920.

<gallery class="center">
File:Blick zum "Oberen Schloß" vom "Weißen Kreuz".jpg|The Upper Castle at [[Greiz]]
File:Unteres Schloss Greiz.JPG|The Lower Castle at Greiz
File:Gera - Orangerie 01.jpg|Orangery at [[Gera]]
 File:Schloss Burgk vom Saaleturm.jpg|[[Burgk Castle]]
</gallery>