Editing Ido (section)

==History==
The idea of a universal second language is not new, and constructed languages are not a recent phenomenon. During the 12th century [[Hildegard of Bingen]] invented a set of words known as the [[Lingua Ignota]]. The concept did not attract significant interest until the language [[Volapük]] was created in 1879. Volapük was popular for some time and apparently had a few thousand users, but was later eclipsed by the popularity of [[Esperanto]], which was created in 1887. Several other languages, such as [[Latino sine flexione|Latino sine Flexione]] and [[Idiom Neutral]] were also proposed. It was during this time that French mathematician [[Louis Couturat]] formed the ''[[Delegation for the Adoption of an International Auxiliary Language]]''.

This delegation made a formal request to the [[International Association of Academies]] in [[Vienna]] to select and endorse an international language; the request was rejected in May 1907.<ref name="Guérard">{{cite book
|author=Guérard, A. L
|title=A Short History of the International Language Movement
|chapter=Chapter VII
|url=http://donh.best.vwh.net/Languages/delegation.html
|access-date=12 February 2012
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120206141513/http://donh.best.vwh.net/Languages/delegation.html
|archive-date=6 February 2012
|url-status=dead
}}</ref> The Delegation then met as a Committee in Paris in October 1907 to discuss the adoption of a standard international language. Among the languages considered was a new language submitted anonymously after the Committee's deadline by someone using the name ''Ido''.<ref name="Dyer">{{cite book
|last=Dyer
|first=Luther H
|year=1923
|title=The Problem of an International Auxiliary Language and its Solution in Ido
|url=http://interlanguages.net/054_074.html
|pages=54–74
|access-date=12 February 2012
|archive-date=7 May 2018
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180507073229/http://interlanguages.net/054_074.html
|url-status=live
}}</ref> In the end the committee, always without plenary sessions and consisting of only 12 members, concluded the last day with 4 votes for and 1 abstention. They concluded that no language was completely acceptable, but that Esperanto could be accepted "on condition of several modifications to be realized by the permanent Commission in the direction defined by the conclusions of the Report of the Secretaries [Louis Couturat and [[Léopold Leau]]] and by the Ido project".<ref>{{cite journal
|last=Leau
|first=Léopold
|date=August 1933
|journal=Progreso
|volume=X
|issue=96
|pages=4
|title=La Vereso pri la Delegitaro en 1907
|trans-title=The Truth about the Delegation in 1907
|language=io
|url=http://interlanguages.net/truth.html
|access-date=12 February 2012
|archive-date=27 March 2022
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220327235950/http://interlanguages.net/truth.html
|url-status=live
}}</ref>

[[File:Ido Kongreso en Dessau 1922.jpg|thumb|300px|left|The International Ido Congress in [[Dessau]], Germany, in 1922.]]

Esperanto's inventor, [[L. L. Zamenhof]], having heard a number of complaints, had suggested in 1894 [[1894 Esperanto reform project|a proposal for a reformed Esperanto]] with several changes that Ido adopted: eliminating the accented letters and the [[accusative case]], changing the plural to an Italianesque ''-i'', and replacing the table of correlatives with more Latinate words. However, the Esperanto community voted and rejected Zamenhof's reformed Esperanto,<ref name="Dyer"/> and likewise most rejected the recommendations of the 1907 Committee composed nominally of 12 members. Zamenhof, undoubtedly reminiscent of his experience of the 1894 reforms, strongly supported the Esperanto Committee majority decision.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Garvia |first=Robert |title=Esperanto and Its Rivals |year=2015 |isbn=978-0-8122-4710-7 |pages=134–137}}</ref> Furthermore, controversy ensued when the "Ido project" was found to have been devised mainly by [[Louis de Beaufront]], whom Zamenhof had chosen to represent Esperanto to the committee (Zamenhof himself could not represent Esperanto as the committee's rules dictated that the creator of a submitted language could not defend it).<ref>{{cite book
|last=Jacob
|first=Henry
|year=1947
|title=A Planned Auxiliary Language
|chapter=II. Ido
|url=http://interlanguages.net/PALih.html
|access-date=12 February 2012
|archive-date=21 March 2012
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120321170702/http://interlanguages.net/PALih.html
|url-status=live
}}</ref> The Committee's meetings were performed mainly in French, with occasional German.<ref name=":0" /> When the president of the Committee asked who was the author of Ido's project, Couturat, de Beaufront and Leau answered that they were not. De Beaufront presented Ido's project and gave a description of it as a better, richer version of Esperanto. Couturat, Leau, de Beaufront and Jespersen were finally the only members who voted, all of them for Ido's project. A month later, Couturat accidentally forwarded Jespersen a copy of a letter in which he acknowledged that de Beaufront was the author of the Ido project.<ref name=":0" /> Jespersen was angered by this and asked for a public confession. De Beaufront procrastinated for four months before making a public confession.<ref name=":0" />

It is estimated that some 20% of Esperanto's major promoters and 3–4% of ordinary Esperantists switched to Ido, which from then on suffered constant modifications seeking to perfect it, but which ultimately had the effect of causing many Ido speakers to abandoned trying to learn it.<ref>{{cite book
|last=Lapenna
|first=Ivo
|author-link=Ivo Lapenna
|author2=Ulrich Lins |author3=Tazio Carlevaro
|title=Esperanto en perspektivo: Faktoj kaj analizoj pri la internacia lingvo
|trans-title= Esperanto in Perspective: Facts and Analyses about the International Language
|year=1974
|language=eo
|location=London
|publisher=Centro de Esploro kaj Dokumentado pri la Monda Lingvo-Problemo
|pages=424
}}</ref> Although it divided the Esperanto movement, the schism gave the remaining Esperantists the freedom to concentrate on using and promoting their language as it was.<ref>{{cite web 
 |author=Harlow, Donald J 
 |author-link=Don Harlow 
 |url=http://literaturo.org/HARLOW-Don/Esperanto/EBook/chap03.html#ido 
 |title=Ido 
 |work=How to Build a Language 
 |date=4 July 2006 
 |access-date=12 February 2020 
 |archive-date=14 February 2020 
 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200214162149/http://literaturo.org/HARLOW-Don/Esperanto/EBook/chap03.html#ido 
 |url-status=live 
 }}</ref> At the same time, it gave the Idists freedom to continue working on their own language for several more years before actively promoting it. The ''Uniono di la Amiki di la Linguo Internaciona'' (''Union of Friends of the International Language'') was established along with an Ido Academy to develop the details of the new language.<ref name="Dyer"/>

Couturat, who was the main proponent of Ido, was killed in an automobile accident in 1914.<ref name="Dyer"/> This, along with [[World War I]], practically suspended the activities of the Ido Academy from 1914 to 1920.<ref name="Guérard"/> In 1928 Ido's major intellectual promoter, the Danish linguist [[Otto Jespersen]], published his own planned language, [[Novial]] and ended his promotion of Ido.<ref>{{cite web 
 |author=Harlow, Donald J 
 |author-link=Don Harlow 
 |url=http://literaturo.org/HARLOW-Don/Esperanto/EBook/chap03.html 
 |title=How to Build a Language 
 |access-date=4 February 2019 
 |archive-date=22 December 2018 
 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181222135928/http://literaturo.org/HARLOW-Don/Esperanto/EBook/chap03.html 
 |url-status=live 
 }}</ref>

===Digital era===
The language still has active speakers, numbering about 500.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Seagull |first=Gareth |date=2019-10-29 |title=Should there be a Universal Language? |url=https://raptortranslations.com/2019/10/29/should-be-a-universal-language/ |journal=Raptor Translations Magazine: The Translation Business Magazine |publisher=Raptor Consolidated Media Group |access-date=2021-01-05 |archive-date=10 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191110201636/https://raptortranslations.com/2019/10/29/should-be-a-universal-language/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The Internet has caused a renewal of interest in the language during recent years. A sample of 24 Idists on the [[Yahoo!]] group ''Idolisto'' during November 2005 showed that 57% had begun their studies of the language during the preceding three years, 32% from the mid-1990s to 2002, and 8% had known the language from before.<ref>{{cite web |last=MacLeod |first=Dave |date=23 November 2005 |title=Votez! Kande vu komencis lernar Ido? |trans-title=Vote! When did you start learning Ido? |url=https://groups.yahoo.com/group/idolisto/message/14569 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120711235713/http://groups.yahoo.com/group/idolisto/message/14569 |url-status=dead |archive-date=11 July 2012 |access-date=19 January 2012 |language=io}}</ref>

===Changes===
Few changes have been made to Ido since 1922.<ref name="Chandler">{{cite web
|last=Chandler
|first=James
|date=6 November 1997
|title=Changes in Ido since 1922
|url=http://interlanguages.net/changes.html
|access-date=19 January 2012
|archive-date=27 March 2022
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220327235948/http://interlanguages.net/changes.html
|url-status=live
}}</ref>

Camiel de Cock was named secretary of linguistic issues in 1990, succeeding Roger Moureaux.<ref>{{cite web
|title=Listo di nova vorti propozita da la Linguala komitato dil Uniono
|trans-title=List of new words proposed by the Language committee of the Union
|language=io
|url=http://www.reocities.com/Paris/Rue/8009/neologismi.htm
|work=Suplemento a la revuo Progreso numero 290
|publisher=ULI
|access-date=2012-04-19
|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120914031934/http://www.reocities.com/Paris/Rue/8009/neologismi.htm
|archive-date=2012-09-14
|url-status=dead
}}</ref> He resigned after the creation of a linguistic committee in 1991.<ref>{{cite web
|last=Bol
|first=Jacques
|title=Pri Camiel de Cock
|trans-title=About Camiel de Cock
|language=io
|url=https://groups.yahoo.com/group/idolisto/message/13008
|date=2004-11-15
|access-date=2 August 2016
|archive-date=26 October 2023
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231026022557/https://www.yahoo.com/
|url-status=dead
}}</ref> De Cock was succeeded by Robert C. Carnaghan, who had the title from 1992 to 2008. No new words were adopted between 2001 and 2006.<ref>{{cite web
|last=Chandler
|first=James
|title=Lasta decido pri nova vorti
|trans-title= Latest decision on new words
|language=io
|url=http://tech.groups.yahoo.com/group/linguolisto/message/2384
|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120720022536/http://tech.groups.yahoo.com/group/linguolisto/message/2384
|url-status=dead
|archive-date=20 July 2012
|date=2006-04-16
}}</ref> After the 2008–2011 elections of ULI's direction committee, [[Gonçalo Neves]] replaced Carnaghan as secretary of linguistic issues during February 2008.<ref>{{cite web
|last=Landais
|first=Loïc
|title=Nova DK di ULI por 2008–2011
|trans-title= New SC ''[Steering Committee]'' of ULI for 2008-2011
|language=io
|url=http://tech.groups.yahoo.com/group/linguolisto/message/3151
|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120729181321/http://tech.groups.yahoo.com/group/linguolisto/message/3151
|url-status=dead
|archive-date=29 July 2012
|date=2008-02-17
}}</ref> Neves resigned during August 2008.<ref>{{cite web
|last=Neves
|first=Gonçalo
|title=demisiono ed adio
|trans-title=resignation and farewell
|language=io
|url=https://groups.yahoo.com/group/idolisto/message/17503
|date=2008-08-29
|access-date=2 August 2016
|archive-date=26 October 2023
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231026022714/https://www.yahoo.com/
|url-status=dead
}}</ref> A new linguistic committee was formed in 2010.<ref>{{cite web
|last=Landais
|first=Loïc
|title=Linguala Komitato di ULI
|trans-title=Linguistic Committee of the ULI
|url=https://groups.yahoo.com/group/idolisto/message/20007
|language=io
|date=2009-09-28
|access-date=2 August 2016
|archive-date=26 October 2023
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231026022559/https://www.yahoo.com/
|url-status=dead
}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
|last=Richard
|first=Gaël
|title=RE: <nowiki>[linguo]</nowiki> Ube es komitato linguala
|trans-title=RE: <nowiki>[language]</nowiki> Where is the language committee
|url=http://tech.groups.yahoo.com/group/linguolisto/message/3786
|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120716144627/http://tech.groups.yahoo.com/group/linguolisto/message/3786
|url-status=dead
|archive-date=16 July 2012
|language=io
|date=2010-02-09
}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
|title=Linguala Komitato di ULI
|trans-title=Linguistic Committee of the ULI
|url=http://www.ido.li/index.php/ULI/LingualaKomitato
|publisher=Uniono por la Linguo Internaciona Ido (ULI)
|access-date=19 April 2012
|archive-date=1 April 2012
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120401104419/http://www.ido.li/index.php/ULI/LingualaKomitato
|url-status=live
}}</ref>  In April 2010, Tiberio Madonna was appointed as secretary of linguistic issues, succeeding Neves.<ref>{{cite web
|last=Jibran (Partaka )
|first=Khalil
|title=Ido havas nova Sekretario pri Linguala Questioni
|trans-title=Ido has a new Secretary of Linguistic Issues
|url=http://es.dir.groups.yahoo.com/group/posta_Mundi/message/5979 
|language=io
|archive-url =https://archive.today/20120712204722/http://es.dir.groups.yahoo.com/group/posta_Mundi/message/5979
|url-status=dead
|archive-date=2012-07-12
|date=2010-04-16
}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
|title=Nomino di Sekretario por Linguala Questioni di ULI
|trans-title=Nomination of the Secretariat for Linguistic Functions of the ULI
|url=http://www.ido.li/index.php/ULI/2010
|language=io
|work=Uniono por la Linguo Internaciona Ido
|date=2010-04-03
|access-date=19 April 2012
|archive-date=28 October 2012
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121028114922/http://www.ido.li/index.php/ULI/2010
|url-status=live
}}</ref>  
In January 2011, ULI approved eight new words.<ref>{{cite web
|last=Madonna
|first=Tiberio
|title=2esma raporto de la Linguala Komitato
|trans-title= 2nd report of the Linguistic Committee
|language=io
|url=http://tech.groups.yahoo.com/group/linguolisto/message/3968
|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120716175811/http://tech.groups.yahoo.com/group/linguolisto/message/3968
|url-status=dead
|archive-date=16 July 2012
|date=2011-01-01
}}</ref> This was the first addition of words in many years.<ref>{{cite web
|last=Chandler
|first=James
|title=RE: <nowiki>[linguo]</nowiki> 2esma raporto de la Linguala Komitato
| trans-title= 2nd report of the Language committee
|language=io
|url=http://tech.groups.yahoo.com/group/linguolisto/message/3970
|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120716103628/http://tech.groups.yahoo.com/group/linguolisto/message/3970
|url-status=dead
|archive-date=16 July 2012
|date=2011-01-02
}}</ref> After a series of severe conflicts with the Directing Committee of ULI, Tiberio Madonna was revoked as secretary of linguistic issues on the 26th of May 2013 by official announcement from Loïs Landais, the secretary of ULI.<ref>Anunco di la DK pri Tiberio Madonna, ULI-IDO, yahoogroups, May 26th 2013</ref>
During January 2022, ULI approved a set of new words (34)<ref>Progreso 382 January–April 2022</ref>