Editing Ibn al-Haytham (section)

== Biography ==

Ibn al-Haytham (Alhazen) was born c. 965 to a family of [[Arabs|Arab]]<ref name="Vernet 1996 788" /><ref name="Simon 2006">{{harvnb|Simon|2006}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Gregory |first=Richard Langton |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FpMYAAAAIAAJ |title=The Oxford Companion to the Mind |date=2004 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-866224-2 |page=24 |language=en |access-date=28 June 2023 |archive-date=4 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231204161231/https://books.google.com/books?id=FpMYAAAAIAAJ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>
"Alhazen Arab mathematician and physicist who was born around 965 in what is now Iraq." Critical Companion to Chaucer: A Literary Reference to His Life and Work
</ref><ref>Esposito (2000)، The Oxford History of Islam، Oxford University Press، p. 192. : "Ibn al-Haytham (d. 1039), known in the West as Alhazan, was a leading Arab mathematician, astronomer, and physicist. His optical compendium, Kitab al-Manazir, is the greatest medieval work on optics"</ref> or [[Persians|Persian]]<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mk_CBAAAQBAJ&dq=alhazen+History+and+Evolution+of+Concepts+in+Physics&pg=PA23 |title=History and Evolution of Concepts in Physics |page =24 |isbn=978-3-319-04292-3 |access-date=13 March 2023 |archive-date=20 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230620164804/https://books.google.com/books?id=mk_CBAAAQBAJ&dq=alhazen+History+and+Evolution+of+Concepts+in+Physics&pg=PA23 |url-status=live |last1=Varvoglis |first1=Harry |date=29 January 2014 |publisher=Springer }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3nBJAAAAYAAJ&dq=alhazen&pg=PA59 |title=Chemical News and Journal of Industrial Science|volume =34 |page =59 |date=6 January 1876 |access-date=13 March 2023 |archive-date=26 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230326164818/https://books.google.com/books?id=3nBJAAAAYAAJ&dq=alhazen&pg=PA59 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_NDOCwAAQBAJ&dq=Renaissance++John+Shannon+Hendrix,+Charles+eleventh+century&pg=PA77 |title=Renaissance Theories of Vision edited by John Shannon Hendrix, Charles |page =77 |isbn=978-1-317-06640-8 |access-date=13 March 2023 |archive-date=20 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230620164804/https://books.google.com/books?id=_NDOCwAAQBAJ&dq=Renaissance++John+Shannon+Hendrix,+Charles+eleventh+century&pg=PA77 |url-status=live |last1=Hendrix |first1=John Shannon |last2=Carman |first2=Charles H. |date=5 December 2016 |publisher=Routledge }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZQfcDwAAQBAJ&dq=Quantum+Mechanics+for+Beginners+alhazen&pg=PA81 |title=Quantum Mechanics for Beginners: With Applications to Quantum Communication By M. Suhail Zubairy |page =81 |isbn=978-0-19-885422-7 |access-date=13 March 2023 |archive-date=20 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230620164806/https://books.google.com/books?id=ZQfcDwAAQBAJ&dq=Quantum+Mechanics+for+Beginners+alhazen&pg=PA81 |url-status=live |last1=Suhail Zubairy |first1=M. |date=6 January 2024 |publisher=Oxford University Press }}</ref><ref>{{Harvard citation|Child|Shuter|Taylor|1992|p=70}}, {{Harvard citation|Dessel|Nehrich|Voran|1973|p=164}}, ''Understanding History'' by John Child, Paul Shuter, David Taylor, p. 70. "Alhazen, a Persian scientist, showed that the eye saw light from other objects. This started optics, the science of light. The Arabs also studied astronomy, the study of the stars. "</ref> origin in [[Basra]], [[Medieval Iraq|Iraq]], which was at the time part of the [[Buyid dynasty|Buyid emirate]]. His initial influences were in the study of religion and service to the community. At the time, society had a number of conflicting views of religion that he ultimately sought to step aside from religion. This led to him delving into the study of mathematics and science.<ref name=Tbakhi>{{Cite journal|last1=Tbakhi|first1=Abdelghani|last2=Amr|first2=Samir S.|date=2007|title=Ibn Al-Haytham: Father of Modern Optics|journal=Annals of Saudi Medicine|volume=27|issue=6|pages=464–467|doi=10.5144/0256-4947.2007.464|issn=0256-4947|pmc=6074172|pmid=18059131}}</ref> He held a position with the title of [[Vizier (Abbasid Caliphate)|''vizier'']] in his native Basra, and became famous for his knowledge of applied mathematics, as evidenced by his attempt to regulate the [[flooding of the Nile]].<ref name="Corbin 1993 149">{{Harvnb|Corbin|1993|p=149}}.</ref>

Upon his return to Cairo, he was given an administrative post. After he proved unable to fulfill this task as well, he contracted the ire of the caliph [[Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah|Al-Hakim]],<ref>The Prisoner of Al-Hakim. Clifton, NJ: Blue Dome Press, 2017. {{ISBN|1682060160}}</ref> and is said to have been forced into hiding until the caliph's death in 1021, after which his confiscated possessions were returned to him.<ref>[[Carl Brockelmann]], ''Geschichte der arabischen Litteratur'', vol. 1 (1898), [https://archive.org/stream/geschichtederar00brocgoog#page/n522/mode/2up p. 469].</ref>
Legend has it that Alhazen [[feigned madness]] and was kept under house arrest during this period.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cgie.org.ir/shavad.asp?id=123&avaid=1917 |title=the Great Islamic Encyclopedia |publisher=Cgie.org.ir |access-date=27 May 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110930153427/http://www.cgie.org.ir/shavad.asp?id=123&avaid=1917 |archive-date=30 September 2011 }}{{verify source|date=February 2016}}</ref> During this time, he wrote his influential ''[[Book of Optics]]''. Alhazen continued to live in Cairo, in the neighborhood of the famous [[al-Azhar University|University of al-Azhar]], and lived from the proceeds of his literary production<ref>For Ibn al-Haytham's life and works, {{harvnb|Smith|2001|p=cxix}} recommends {{harvnb|Sabra|1989|pp=vol. 2, xix–lxxiii}}</ref> until his death in c. 1040.<ref name="Corbin 1993 149" /> (A copy of [[Apollonius of Perga|Apollonius]]' ''Conics'', written in Ibn al-Haytham's own handwriting exists in [[Hagia Sophia|Aya Sofya]]: (MS Aya Sofya 2762, 307 fob., dated Safar 415 A.H. [1024]).)<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.encyclopedia.com/science/dictionaries-thesauruses-pictures-and-press-releases/ibn-al-haytham-abu| title = A. I. Sabra encyclopedia.com Ibn Al-Haytham, Abū| access-date = 4 November 2018| archive-date = 26 March 2023| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230326025108/https://www.encyclopedia.com/science/dictionaries-thesauruses-pictures-and-press-releases/ibn-al-haytham-abu| url-status = live}}</ref>{{rp|Note 2}}

Among his students were Sorkhab (Sohrab), a Persian from [[Semnan (city)|Semnan]], and [[Al-Mubashshir ibn Fatik|Abu al-Wafa Mubashir ibn Fatek]], an Egyptian prince.<ref>Sajjadi, Sadegh, "Alhazen", ''Great Islamic Encyclopedia'', Volume 1, Article No. 1917</ref>{{verify source|date=February 2016}}