Editing ISO 9660 (section)

== History ==
[[Compact disc]]s were originally developed for recording musical data, but soon were used for storing additional digital data types because they were equally effective for archival [[mass storage|mass data storage]]. Called [[CD-ROM]]s, the lowest level format for these type of compact discs was defined in the ''[[Rainbow Books|Yellow Book]]'' specification in 1983. However, this book did not define any format for organizing data on CD-ROMs into logical units such as [[computer file|files]], which led to every CD-ROM maker creating its own format. In order to develop a CD-ROM [[file system]] standard (''Z39.60'' - ''Volume and File Structure of CDROM for Information Interchange''), the [[National Information Standards Organization]] (NISO) set up Standards Committee SC EE (Compact Disc Data Format) in July 1985.<ref name="Peters_1989" /> In September/<ref>{{cite journal |title=Premium Reference Tool of the '90s |journal=[[PC Magazine]] |date=1986-10-14 |pages=150–164 |author-first1=John |author-last1=Helliwell |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nuXmVNll5JEC&pg=PA154 |access-date=2016-11-18}}</ref> October 1985 several companies invited experts to participate in the development of a working paper for such a standard.

In November 1985, representatives of <!-- sources vary: 12-16 --> computer hardware manufacturers gathered at the High Sierra Hotel and Casino (currently called the [[Golden Nugget Lake Tahoe]]) in [[Stateline, Nevada]].<ref>{{cite book |author-last1=Manes |author-first1=Stephen |author1-link=Stephen Manes |author-last2=Andrews |author-first2=Paul |year=1993 |title=Gates: How Microsoft's Mogul Reinvented an Industry—and Made Himself the Richest Man in America |publisher=[[Doubleday (publisher)|Doubleday]] |page=336 |isbn=0-385-42075-7}}</ref> This group became known as the ''High Sierra Group'' (''HSG''). Present at the meeting were representatives from [[Apple Computer]], [[AT&T]],{{citation needed | date=August 2017}} [[Digital Equipment Corporation]] (DEC), [[Hitachi, Ltd.|Hitachi]], [[LaserData]], [[Microware]],{{citation needed | date=August 2017}} [[Microsoft]], [[3M]], [[Philips]], [[Reference Technology Inc.]], [[Sony Corporation]], [[TMS Inc.]]<!-- Stillwater, Oklahoma, TMSSequoia, 1981+ -->, [[VideoTools]] (later Meridian<ref>{{cite journal|date=June 1987|title=The Future of CD-ROM|url=https://archive.org/details/Atari_Explorer_Volume_7_Number_3_1987-06_Atari_Explorer_Publications_US|journal=Explorer|publisher=Atari Explorer Publications|volume=7|page=[https://archive.org/details/Atari_Explorer_Volume_7_Number_3_1987-06_Atari_Explorer_Publications_US/page/n20 19]|access-date=2016-11-18|author-last=Anderson|author-first=Gregg|number=3}}<!-- https://archive.org/stream/Atari_Explorer_Volume_7_Number_3_1987-06_Atari_Explorer_Publications_US/Atari_Explorer_Volume_7_Number_3_1987-06_Atari_Explorer_Publications_US_djvu.txt --></ref>), [[Xebec Corporation|Xebec]], and [[Yelick]].{{citation needed | date=August 2017}} The meeting report evolved from the ''Yellow Book'' CD-ROM standard, which was so open ended it was leading to diversification and creation of many incompatible data storage methods. The ''High Sierra Group Proposal'' (''HSGP'') was released in May 1986, defining a file system for CD-ROMs commonly known as the High Sierra Format.

A draft version of this proposal was submitted to the [[European Computer Manufacturers Association]] (ECMA) for standardization. With some changes, this led to the issue of the initial edition of the ECMA-119 standard in December 1986.<ref name="ECMA-119-1">{{cite web |title=Standard ECMA-119: Volume and File Structure of CDROM for Information Interchange |edition=1st |date=December 1986 |url=https://www.ecma-international.org/wp-content/uploads/ECMA-119_1st_edition_december_1986.pdf}}</ref> The ECMA submitted their standard to the [[International Standards Organization]] (ISO) for ''fast tracking'', where it was further refined into the ISO 9660 standard. For compatibility the second edition of ECMA-119 was revised to be equivalent to ISO 9660 in December 1987.<ref name="ECMA-119-2">{{cite web |title=Standard ECMA-119: Volume and File Structure of CDROM for Information Interchange |url=https://www.ecma-international.org/wp-content/uploads/ECMA-119_2nd_edition_december_1987.pdf |access-date=2022-12-30 |edition=reprinted 2nd |date=September 1998<!-- reprinted --> |orig-date=December 1987}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=The Invention of Compact Discs |url=http://www.bookrags.com/research/the-invention-of-compact-discs-scit-07123456/}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Chip's CD Media Resource Center: CD-ROM page 6 |url=http://www.chipchapin.com/CDMedia/cdrom6.php3 |access-date=24 November 2020 |archive-date=26 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190726064954/http://www.chipchapin.com/CDMedia/cdrom6.php3 |url-status=dead }}</ref> ''ISO 9660:1988'' was published in 1988. The main changes from the High Sierra Format in the ECMA-119 and ISO 9660 standards were international extensions to allow the format to work better on non-US markets.

In order not to create incompatibilities, NISO suspended further work on Z39.60, which had been adopted by NISO members on 28 May 1987. It was withdrawn before final approval, in favour of ISO 9660.<ref name="Peters_1989">{{cite journal |author-last=Peters |author-first=Paul Evan |author-link=Paul Evan Peters |title=CD-ROM Standards: The Fate of Z39.60 |journal=Information Standards Quarterly |publisher=[[National Information Standards Organization]] (NISO) |date=July 1989 |volume=1 |issue=3 |pages=1–3 |issn=1041-0031 |url=http://www.niso.org/apps/group_public/download.php/6767/ISQ_vol1_no3_Jul89.pdf |access-date=2016-11-18 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161118095423/http://www.niso.org/apps/group_public/download.php/6767/ISQ_vol1_no3_Jul89.pdf |archive-date=2016-11-18}}</ref>

[[Japanese Industrial Standard|JIS]] X 0606:1998 was passed in Japan in 1998 with much-relaxed file name rules using a new "enhanced volume descriptor" data structure. The standard was submitted for ISO 9660:1999 and supposedly fast-tracked, but nothing came out of it.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://pismotec.com/cfs/iso9660-1999.html| title = JIS X 0606:1998 / ISO 9660:1999 Draft Specification}}</ref>  Nevertheless, several operating systems and disc authoring tools (such as [[Nero Burning ROM]], [[mkisofs]] and [[ImgBurn]]) now support the addition, under such names as "ISO 9660:1999", "ISO 9660 v2", or "ISO 9660 Level 4". In 2013, the proposal was finally formalized in the form of ISO 9660/Amendment 1, intended to "bring harmonization between ISO 9660 and widely used '[[Joliet (file system)|Joliet]] Specification'."<ref>ISO 9660, Amendment 1 (ISO 9660:1988/Amd.1:2013(E))</ref> In December 2017, a 3rd Edition of ECMA-119 was published that is technically identical with ISO 9660, Amendment 1.<ref name=ecma119.3>{{cite web |title=Standard ECMA-119 |url=http://www.ecma-international.org/publications/files/ECMA-ST/Ecma-119.pdf |website=Ecma International |publisher=Ecma |access-date=16 August 2018 |page=vii}}</ref>

In 2019, ECMA published a 4th version of ECMA-119, integrating the Joliet text as "Annex C".<ref name=ECMA-119-2019-06>{{web archive |url=http://web.archive.org/web/20230820104314if_/https://www.ecma-international.org/wp-content/uploads/ECMA-119_4th_edition_june_2019.pdf |title=ECMA-119 - Volume and file structure of CDROM for information interchange - 4th edition, June 2019 |access-date=2025-03-10 }} (linked from [http://web.archive.org/web/20240725023816/https://ecma-international.org/publications-and-standards/standards/ecma-119/ ECMA-119 - Ecma International])</ref>

In 2020, ISO published Amendment 2, which adds some minor clarifying matter, but does not add or correct any technical information of the standard.<ref>ISO 9660, Amendment 2 (ISO 9660:1988/Amd.2:2020(E))</ref>