Editing Hydrostatic shock (section)

==Origin of the hypothesis==
An early mention of "hydrostatic shock" appeared in ''[[Popular Mechanics]]'' in April 1942.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TtcDAAAAMBAJ&pg=RA1-PA8 |title=Super speed bullets knock 'em dead |work=Popular Mechanics |date=April 1942 |page=9 |publisher=Hearst Magazines }}</ref> 
In the scientific literature, the first discussion of pressure waves created when a bullet hits a living target is presented by E. Harvey Newton and his research group at Princeton University in 1947:<ref name="E. Newton Harvey 1947">{{cite journal |title=An Experimental Study of shock waves resulting from the impact of high-velocity missiles on animal tissues |year=1947 |pmc=2135701 |last1=Harvey |first1=E. N. |last2=McMillen |first2=J. H. |journal=The Journal of Experimental Medicine |volume=85 |issue=3 |pages=321–328 |doi=10.1084/jem.85.3.321 |pmid=19871617 }}</ref>

{{blockquote| It is generally recognized that when a high-velocity missile strikes the body and moves through soft tissues, pressures develop which are measured in thousands of atmospheres. Actually, three different types of pressure change appear: (1) shock wave pressures or sharp, high-pressure pulses, formed when the missile hits the body surface; (2) very high-pressure regions immediately in front and to each side of the moving missile; (3) relatively slow, low-pressure changes connected with the behavior of the large explosive temporary cavity, formed behind the missile. Such pressure changes appear to be responsible for what is known to hunters as hydraulic shock—a hydraulic transmission of energy that is believed to cause instant death of animals hit by high-velocity bullets (Powell (1)).| An Experimental Study of shock waves resulting from the impact of high-velocity missiles on animal tissues<ref name="E. Newton Harvey 1947"/><ref>Harvey and McMillen’s citation of Powell is: Powell, E. B., Killing Power, A pamphlet published by National Rifle Association, Washington, D. C., 1944.</ref>}}

Frank Chamberlin, a World War II trauma surgeon and ballistics researcher, noted remote pressure wave effects. Col. Chamberlin described what he called "explosive effects" and "hydraulic reaction" of bullets in tissue. ''...liquids are put in motion by 'shock waves' or hydraulic effects... with liquid filled tissues, the effects and destruction of tissues extend in all directions far beyond the wound axis''.<ref name="fn_(100)">Chamberlin FT, Gun Shot Wounds, in Handbook for Shooters and Reloaders, Vol. II, Ackley PO, ed., Plaza Publishing, Salt Lake City, Utah, 1966.</ref> He avoided the ambiguous use of the term "shock" because it can refer to either a specific kind of pressure wave associated with explosions and supersonic projectiles or to a medical condition in the body.

Col. Chamberlin recognized that many theories have been advanced in wound ballistics. During World War II he commanded an 8,500-bed hospital center that treated over 67,000 patients during the fourteen months that he operated it. [[P.O. Ackley]] estimates that 85% of the patients were suffering from gunshot wounds.<ref name="fn_(100)"/> Col. Chamberlin spent many hours interviewing patients as to their reactions to bullet wounds. He conducted many live animal experiments after his tour of duty. On the subject of wound ballistics theories, he wrote:
{{blockquote| If I had to pick one of these theories as gospel, I'd still go along with the Hydraulic Reaction of the Body Fluids plus the reactions on the Central Nervous System.|Col. Frank Chamberlin, M.D.<ref name="fn_(100)"/>}}

Other World War II era scientists noted remote pressure wave effects in the peripheral nerves.<ref name="fn_(102)">{{cite journal | last1 = Livingstone | first1 = WK | last2 = Davis | first2 = EW | last3 = Livingstone | first3 = KE | year = 1945 | title = Delayed recovery in peripheral nerve lesions caused by high velocity wounding | journal = J. Neurosurg. | volume = 2 | page = 170 | doi=10.3171/jns.1945.2.2.0170}}</ref><ref name="fn_(103)">{{cite journal | last1 = Puckett | first1 = WO | last2 = Grundfest | first2 = H | last3 = McElroy | first3 = WD | last4 = McMillen | first4 = JH | year = 1946 | title = Damage to peripheral nerves by high velocity missiles without a direct hit | journal = J. Neurosurg. | volume = 3 | issue = 4| pages = 294–305 | doi=10.3171/jns.1946.3.4.0294| pmid = 20989178 }}</ref> There was support for the idea of remote neural effects of ballistic pressure waves in the medical and scientific communities, but the phrase "hydrostatic shock" and similar phrases including "shock" were used mainly by gunwriters (such as Jack O'Conner<ref name="fn_(104)">O'Conner J, The Hunting Rifle, McMillian, 1970.</ref>) and the small arms industry (such as [[Roy Weatherby]],<ref name="fn_(105)">Gresham T, Gresham G, Weatherby: The Man, The Gun, The Legend, Cane River Publishing, 1992.</ref> and Federal "[[Hydra-Shok]].")