Editing Hydraulics (section)

== Early history ==
[[File:Tuebingen-gerstenmuehle.jpg|thumb|200px|Waterwheels]]
{{further|Timeline of fluid and continuum mechanics}}

Early uses of water power date back to [[Mesopotamia]] and [[ancient Egypt]], where [[irrigation]] has been used since the 6th millennium BC and [[water clock]]s had been used since the early 2nd millennium BC. Other early examples of [[water]] power include the [[Qanat]] system in ancient Persia and the [[Turpan water system]] in ancient Central Asia.

=== Persian Empire and Urartu ===

In the [[Persian Empire]] or previous entities in Persia, the [[Persians]] constructed an intricate system of water mills, canals and dams known as the [[Shushtar Historical Hydraulic System]]. The project, commenced by [[Achaemenid Empire|Achaemenid]] king [[Darius I|Darius the Great]] and finished by a group of Roman engineers captured by Sassanian king [[Shapur I]],<ref name="auto">{{cite web|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1315|title=Shushtar Historical Hydraulic System|last=Centre|first=UNESCO World Heritage|website=Whc.unesco.org|language=en|access-date=2018-09-01}}</ref> has been referred to by [[UNESCO]] as "a masterpiece of creative genius".<ref name="auto"/> They were also the inventors<ref>{{Cite book|title=The qanats of Iran|last=Goldsmith|first=Edward|year=2012}}</ref> of the [[Qanat]], an underground aqueduct, around the 9th century BC.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Lombard |first=Pierre |date=1991 |title=Du rythme naturel au rythme humain : vie et mort d'une technique traditionnelle, le qanat |url=https://www.persee.fr/doc/mom_0766-0510_1991_sem_20_1_1776 |journal=MOM Éditions |volume=20 |issue=1 |pages=69–86}}</ref> Several of Iran's large, ancient gardens were irrigated thanks to Qanats.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.edwardgoldsmith.org/1031/the-qanats-of-iran/|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130414210607/http://www.edwardgoldsmith.org/1031/the-qanats-of-iran/|url-status=dead|archive-date=2013-04-14|title=The qanats of Iran · Edward Goldsmith|date=2013-04-14|work=archive.is|access-date=2018-09-01}}</ref>

The Qanat spread to neighboring areas, including the [[Armenian highlands]]. There, starting in the early 8th century BC, the [[Urartu|Kingdom of Urartu]] undertook significant hydraulic works, such as the [[Menua Canal|Menua canal]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=Viollet |first=Pierre-Louis |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=j5xTES80ExIC |title=L'hydraulique dans les civilisations anciennes: 5000 ans d'histoire |date=2004 |publisher=Presses des Ponts |isbn=978-2-85978-397-6 |language=fr}}</ref><ref name=":0" /><ref name=":5">{{Cite journal |last=Burney |first=Charles |date=1972 |title=Urartian Irrigation Works. |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S0066154600003422/type/journal_article |journal=Anatolian Studies |language=en |volume=22 |pages=179–186 |doi=10.2307/3642562 |jstor=3642562 |s2cid=131657710 |issn=0066-1546}}</ref>

The earliest evidence of [[water wheel]]s and [[watermill]]s date back to the [[ancient Near East]] in the 4th century BC,<ref>Terry S. Reynolds, ''Stronger than a Hundred Men: A History of the Vertical Water Wheel'', JHU Press, 2002 {{ISBN|978-0-8018-7248-8}}, p. 14</ref> specifically in the Persian Empire before 350&nbsp;BCE, in the regions of [[Iraq]], [[Iran]],<ref>{{cite book |last1=Selin |first1=Helaine |title=Encyclopaedia of the History of Science, Technology, and Medicine in Non-Western Cultures |date=2013 |publisher=[[Springer Science & Business Media]] |isbn=978-94-017-1416-7 |page=282 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GzjpCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA282}}</ref> and [[Egypt]].<ref>{{cite journal|title=Evolution of Water Lifting Devices (Pumps) over the Centuries Worldwide|author1=Stavros I. Yannopoulos|author2=Gerasimos Lyberatos|author3=Nicolaos Theodossiou|author4=Wang Li|author5=Mohammad Valipour|author6=Aldo Tamburrino|author7=Andreas N. Angelakis|author7-link=Andreas N. Angelakis|journal=Water|year=2015|volume=7|issue=9|pages=5031–5060|publisher=[[MDPI]]|doi=10.3390/w7095031|doi-access=free|bibcode=2015Water...7.5031Y }}</ref>

=== China ===

In [[ancient China]] there was [[Sunshu Ao]] (6th century BC), [[Ximen Bao]] (5th century BC), [[Du Shi]] (circa 31 AD), [[Zhang Heng]] (78 – 139 AD), and [[Ma Jun (mechanical engineer)|Ma Jun]] (200 – 265 AD), while medieval China had [[Su Song]] (1020 – 1101 AD) and [[Shen Kuo]] (1031–1095). Du Shi employed a [[waterwheel]] to power the [[bellows]] of a [[blast furnace]] producing [[cast iron]]. Zhang Heng was the first to employ hydraulics to provide motive power in rotating an [[armillary sphere]] for [[Chinese astronomy|astronomical observation]].<ref>{{Cite book|title=Origins of Chinese science and technology|author=Fu, Chunjiang|last2=Liping.|first2=Yang|last3=N.|first3=Han, Y.|last4=Editorial.|first4=Asiapac|date=2006|publisher=Asiapac|isbn=978-981-229-376-3|oclc=71370433}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.loc.gov/item/2021666393 |title=Armillary Sphere |publisher=[[Library of Congress]] |date= |accessdate=2022-07-10}}</ref>

=== Sri Lanka ===
[[File:Sigiriya moat and garden2.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Moat and gardens at [[Sigiriya]]]]

In ancient Sri Lanka, hydraulics were widely used in the ancient kingdoms of [[Anuradhapura]] and [[Polonnaruwa]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.marines.mil/news/publications/Documents/Sri%20Lanka%20Study_1.pdf |title=SriLanka-A Country study |year=1990 |publisher=USA Government, Department of Army|access-date=9 November 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120905131619/http://www.marines.mil/news/publications/Documents/Sri%20Lanka%20Study_1.pdf|archive-date=5 September 2012}}</ref> The discovery of the principle of the valve tower, or valve pit, (Bisokotuwa in Sinhalese) for regulating the escape of water is credited to ingenuity more than 2,000 years ago.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://asia.isp.msu.edu/wbwoa/south_asia/sri_lanka/history.htm|title=SriLanka – History|publisher=Asian Studies Center, Michigan State University|access-date=9 November 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111228234152/http://asia.isp.msu.edu/wbwoa/south_asia/sri_lanka/history.htm|archive-date=28 December 2011}}</ref> By the first century AD, several large-scale irrigation works had been completed.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.shsu.edu/~his_ncp/SriLanka.html|title=Traditional SriLanka or Ceylon|publisher=Sam Houston State University|access-date=9 November 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927020022/http://www.shsu.edu/~his_ncp/SriLanka.html|archive-date=27 September 2011}}</ref> Macro- and micro-hydraulics to provide for domestic horticultural and agricultural needs, surface drainage and erosion control, ornamental and recreational water courses and retaining structures and also cooling systems were in place in [[Sigiriya]], Sri Lanka. The coral on the massive rock at the site includes [[cistern]]s for collecting water.  Large ancient reservoirs of Sri Lanka are Kalawewa (King Dhatusena), Parakrama Samudra (King Parakrama Bahu), Tisa Wewa (King Dutugamunu), Minneriya (King Mahasen)

=== Greco-Roman world ===

In [[Ancient Greece]], the Greeks constructed sophisticated water and hydraulic power systems. An example is a construction by [[Eupalinos]], under a public contract, of a watering channel for [[Samos]], the [[Tunnel of Eupalinos]]. An early example of the usage of hydraulic wheel, probably the earliest in Europe, is the Perachora wheel (3rd century BC).<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Tomlinson |first1=R. A. |title=The Perachora Waterworks: Addenda |journal=The Annual of the British School at Athens |volume=71 |year=2013 |pages=147–8 |jstor=30103359 |doi=10.1017/S0068245400005864 |s2cid=129173283 }}</ref>

In [[Greco-Roman Egypt]], the construction of the first hydraulic machine [[automata]] by [[Ctesibius]] (flourished c. 270 BC) and [[Hero of Alexandria]] (c. 10 – 80 AD) is notable. Hero describes several working machines using hydraulic power, such as the [[force pump]], which is known from many Roman sites as having been used for raising water and in fire engines.<ref>Museum, Victoria and Albert. "Catalogue of the mechanical engineering collection in the Science Division of the Victoria and Albert Museum, South Kensington, with descriptive and historical notes." Ulan Press. 2012.</ref>

[[File:Segovia Aqueduct.JPG|thumb|250px|[[Aqueduct of Segovia]], a 1st-century AD masterpiece]]

In the [[Roman Empire]], different hydraulic applications were developed, including public water supplies, innumerable [[Aqueduct (water supply)|aqueduct]]s, power using watermills and [[hydraulic mining]]. They were among the first to make use of the [[siphon]] to carry water across valleys, and used [[hushing]] on a large scale to prospect for and then extract metal [[ore]]s. They used [[lead]] widely in [[plumbing]] systems for domestic and public supply, such as feeding [[thermae]].{{citation needed|date=November 2016}}

Hydraulic mining was used in the gold-fields of northern Spain, which was conquered by [[Augustus]] in 25 BC. The alluvial [[gold-mine]] of [[Las Medulas]] was one of the largest of their mines. At least seven long aqueducts worked it, and the water streams were used to erode the soft deposits, and then wash the tailings for the valuable gold content.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/803|title=Las Médulas|last=Centre|first=UNESCO World Heritage|website=Whc.unesco.org|language=en|access-date=2017-06-13}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.patrimoniocastillayleon.com/en/las-medulas|title=Las Médulas|date=2014-10-30|work=Castilla y León World Heritage UNESCO|access-date=2017-06-13|language=es-ES}}</ref>

=== Arabic-Islamic world ===

In the [[Muslim world]] during the [[Islamic Golden Age]] and [[Arab Agricultural Revolution]] (8th–13th centuries), engineers made wide use of [[hydropower]] as well as early uses of [[tidal power]],<ref>[[Ahmad Y. al-Hassan]] (1976). ''Taqi al-Din and Arabic Mechanical Engineering'', pp. 34–35. Institute for the History of Arabic Science, [[University of Aleppo]].</ref> and large hydraulic [[factory]] complexes.<ref>[[Maya Shatzmiller]], p. 36.</ref> A variety of water-powered industrial mills were used in the Islamic world, including [[fulling]] mills, [[gristmill]]s, [[paper mill]]s, [[Rice huller|hullers]], [[sawmill]]s, [[ship mill]]s, [[stamp mill]]s, [[steel mill]]s, [[Sugar refinery|sugar mills]], and [[tide mill]]s. By the 11th century, every province throughout the Islamic world had these industrial mills in operation, from [[Al-Andalus]] and [[North Africa]] to the [[Middle East]] and [[Central Asia]].<ref name=Lucas>Adam Robert Lucas (2005), "Industrial Milling in the Ancient and Medieval Worlds: A Survey of the Evidence for an Industrial Revolution in Medieval Europe," ''Technology and Culture'' '''46''' (1), pp. 1–30 [10].</ref> Muslim engineers also used [[water turbine]]s, employed [[gear]]s in watermills and water-raising machines, and pioneered the use of [[dams]] as a source of water power, used to provide additional power to watermills and water-raising machines.<ref name=Hassan>[[Ahmad Y. al-Hassan]], [http://www.history-science-technology.com/Articles/articles%2071.htm Transfer Of Islamic Technology To The West, Part II: Transmission Of Islamic Engineering] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080218171021/http://www.history-science-technology.com/Articles/articles%2071.htm |date=18 February 2008 }}</ref>

[[Al-Jazari]] (1136–1206) described designs for 50 devices, many of them water-powered, in his book, ''The Book of Knowledge of Ingenious Mechanical Devices'', including water clocks, a device to serve wine, and five devices to lift water from rivers or pools. These include [[Scoop wheel|an endless belt with jugs attached]] and a reciprocating device with hinged valves.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Al-Hassani|first1=Salim|title=800 Years Later: In Memory of Al-Jazari, A Genius Mechanical Engineer|url=http://muslimheritage.com/article/800-years-later-memory-al-jazari-genius-mechanical-engineer|website=Muslim Heritage|date=30 January 2008 |publisher=The Foundation for Science, Technology, and Civilisation|access-date=30 April 2015}}</ref>

The earliest [[Program (machine)|programmable machines]] were water-powered devices developed in the Muslim world. A [[music sequencer]], a programmable [[musical instrument]], was the earliest type of programmable machine. The first music sequencer was an automated water-powered [[flute]] player invented by the [[Banu Musa]] brothers, described in their ''[[Book of Ingenious Devices]]'', in the 9th century.<ref name=Koetsier>{{Citation |last1=Koetsier |first1=Teun  |year=2001 |title=On the prehistory of programmable machines: musical automata, looms, calculators |journal=Mechanism and Machine Theory |volume=36 |issue=5 |pages=589–603 |publisher=Elsevier |doi=10.1016/S0094-114X(01)00005-2 |postscript=.}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Kapur |first1=Ajay |last2=Carnegie |first2=Dale |last3=Murphy |first3=Jim |last4=Long |first4=Jason |title=Loudspeakers Optional: A history of non-loudspeaker-based electroacoustic music |journal=[[Organised Sound]] |date=2017 |volume=22 |issue=2 |pages=195–205 |doi=10.1017/S1355771817000103 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |issn=1355-7718|doi-access=free }}</ref> In 1206, Al-Jazari invented water-powered programmable automata/[[robot]]s. He described four [[automaton]] musicians, including drummers operated by a programmable [[drum machine]], where they could be made to play different rhythms and different drum patterns.<ref name=Sharkey>Professor Noel Sharkey, [https://web.archive.org/web/20070629182810/http://www.shef.ac.uk/marcoms/eview/articles58/robot.html A 13th Century Programmable Robot (Archive)], [[University of Sheffield]].</ref>